tore, 

40  FOURTH  ST.  8,F. 


EDUCATION  DEPI. 


FIRST   LESSONS 


IN" 


OUR  COUNTRY'S  HISTORY: 

BRINGING  OUT  ITS  SALIENT  POINTS, 

AND 

AIMING  TO  COMBINE  SIMPLICITY  WITH  SENSE. 


BY   WILLIAM   SWINTON,  A.  M., 

AUTHOR  OF  "  CONDENSED   HISTORY   OF   THE  UNITED  STATES,"   "  WORD-ANALTSIS,' 
ETC.,   ETC. 


SSJttfj  Numerous  Illustrations. 


NEW   YORK   AND   CHICAGO: 
IVISON,   BLAKEMAN,   TAYLOR,   AND  COMPANY. 

1874. 


EDUCATION  DEPT. 

Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1872, 

BY    WILLIAM    SWINTON, 
in  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


UNIVERSITY  PRESS:  WELCH,  BIGELOW,  &  Co., 
CAMBRIDGE. 


PREFACE. 


THE  recent  extension  of  the  study  of  United  States'  history 
into  the  lower  grades  of  our  schools  has  suggested  the  need 
of  a  class-book  fitted  to  their  wants.  Of  histories  which  the 
child  may  read  by  the  mother's  knee  there  is  no  lack  ;  but 
this  is  not  what  is  required  for  school  study,  which  must  not 
only  convey  impressions,  but  impart  a  certain  amount  of  avail 
able  knowledge. 

In  the  present  manual,  —  which  is  of  an  entirely  different 
type  from  his  "  Condensed   History  of  the    United   States,  - 
the  author  has  sought  to  supply  this  want. 

In  doing  so,  he  has  aimed  at  two  things  as  desirable :  — 

The  first  is,  to  bring  out  to  prominent  view  the  salient  points 
of  our  country's  history,  and  such  only.  In  so  great  a  mass  of 
details,  selection  was  absolutely  necessary  ;  for  when  thousands 
of  facts  are  put  before  the  child's  mind,  and  everything  is  made 
equally  important,  it  simply  results  that  everything  becomes 
equally  ////important.  Hence  the  author  has  endeavored  to 
apply  the  principles  of  historical  perspective  to  his  treatment, 
—  to  subordinate  minutiae  of  date  and  place  and  number  and 


IV  PREFACE. 


circumstance,  and  bring  to  the  foreground  prominent  and  vital 
facts. 

The  second  thing  the  author  has  aimed  at  is,  to  be  simple 
in  the  mode  of  presentation  without  falling  into  the  prevalent 
sin  of  children's  histories,  to  wit,  silliness  in  point  of  matter. 
They  misjudge  the  nature  of  the  young  mind  who  deem  that  a 
child  does  not  prefer  good  sense  to  twaddle-  What  the  pupil 
finds  difficult  is  rarely  the  thought :  it  is  generally  an  abstract 
mode  of  expression  or  an  elaborate  structure  of  sentence.  On 
this  head  the  author's  ideal  is  on  the  title-page,  —  to  combine 
simplicity  with  sense. 

The  teacher  will  notice  that  the  questions  are  put  in  the 
margin.  It  is  believed  that  this  arrangement  will  be  found 
exceedingly  convenient  to  both  teacher  and  pupil.  The  ques 
tions  have  been  made  approximate  enough  to  be  a  guide,  not 
literal  enough  to  be  a  servile  rule.  Great  care  has  been  taken 
to  avoid  the  catechetical  abomination,  —  a  method  that  inevita 
bly  dwarfs  the  pupil's  power  of  expression,  and,  by  so  doing, 
deprives  him  of  one  of  the  chief  educational  benefits  of  a  history 
lesson.  The  illustrations  which  embellish  the  First  Lessons 
have  been  drawn  by  the  best  artists,  and  engraved  in  a  superior 
manner. 

w.  S. 


CONTENTS. 


PART   I. 

DISCOVERIES   AND   SETTLEMENTS. 

Page 

I.   FOUR  CENTURIES  AGO i 

II.   THE  VOYAGE  OF  DISCOVERY 8 

III.  How   ENGLAND   AND    FRANCE  CAME  TO   CLAIM  PART  OF 

AMERICA 15 

IV.  SPANISH  ADVENTURES  AND  CONQUESTS    .        .        .        .  19 

Ponce  de  Leon,  20.   De  Soto  discovers  the  Mississippi,  21.   Conquest  of  Mexico,  23. 

V.   THE  AMERICAN  INDIANS 26 

VI.   A  REVIEW  LESSON 32 

VII.   VIRGINIA  AND  THE  SOUTHERN  COLONIES.        ...          34 

Early  History  of  Virginia,  36.     Indian  Massacres,  39.     About  the  Government 
of  Virginia,  40.     Growth  of  Virginia,  41.     Daughter-Colonies  of  Virginia,  43. 

VIII.   NEW  ENGLAND     ....  ....          46 

Massachusetts  P> ay  Colony,  48.     Connecticut,  49.     Rhode  Island,  50.     New  Eng 
land  Life  and  Growth,  51. 

IX.    NEW  YORK  AND  THE  MIDDLE  COLONIES      ....      57 

New  Jersey,  60.     Pennsylvania,  60. 

X.   THE  STRUGGLE  WITH  FRANCE 63 

XL   A  REVIEW  LESSON 72 

PART   II. 

THE   AMERICAN   REVOLUTION. 

I.   WHY  THE  COLONIES  REVOLTED 73 

II    CAMPAIGNS  AND  BATTLES  OF  THE  REVOLUTIONARY  WAR  80 

Operations  around  Boston,  80.  Lexington,  81.  Bunker  Hill,  82.  Washington, 
83.  Attack  on  Charleston,  85.  Washington  moves  to  New  York,  86.  The 
Declaration  of  Independence,  87.  The  Campaign  in  New  York,  88.  Retreat 
through  Jersey,  90.  The  Victory  at  Trenton,  90  The  Pennsylvania  Campaign, 
91.  Burgoyne's  Campaign,  93.  The  French  aid  America,  95.  England  asks 
for  Peace,  96.  The  Scene  shifts,  96.  Massacre  of  Wyoming,  97.  The  War  in 
the  South,  98.  Treason  of  Arnold,  100.  Siege  of  Yorktown,  101.  Close  of  the 
War,  102.  The  Constitution,  103. 

III.  GREAT  MEN  OF  THE  REVOLUTION 105 

George  Washington,  105.  Benjamin  Franklin,  107.  Patrick  Henry,  109.  Lafay 
ette,  in.  Thomas  Jefferson,  112.  General  Nathaniel  Greene,  113.  John  Paul 
Jones,  115.  Other  distinguished  Soldiers,  117. 

IV.  A  REVIEW  LESSON 119 


VI  CONTENTS. 


PART   III. 

THE   UNITED    STATES. 

I.   THE  TIMES  OF  WASHINGTON 121 

II.   OUR  PRESIDENTS 125 

III.  THE  GREAT  WEST 127 

Boone  and  Kentucky,  127.     Tennessee,  130.     Ohio,  130. 

IV.  THE  SECOND  WAR  WITH  ENGLAND.        ....  132 

Raids  into  Canada,  133.  Naval  Operations,  134.  American  Victories  in  Canada, 
136.  Battle  of  Lake  Champlain,  137.  The  British  at  Washington  and  Balti 
more,  138.  Battle  of  New  Orleans,  138.  Peace,  139. 

V.  GROWTH  OF  OUR  COUNTRY        . 140 

Beyond  the  Mississippi,  140.  Hamilton  and  Burr,  141.  War  with  the  Barbary 
Pirates,  142.  Fulton  and  the  First  Steamboat,  143.  Battle  of  Tippecanoe,  144. 
Florida  purchased  by  the  United  States,  146.  Twenty-five  Years  after  Washing-  • 
ton's  Death,  146.  Death  of  John  Adams  and  Thomas  Jefferson,  148.  Jackson's 
Administration,  148.  Webster,  Clay,  and  Calhoun,  149.  Independence  of  Texas, 
151.  The  First  Telegraph,  152.  The  Mexican  War,  153.  Conquest  of  Califor 
nia,  156.  Discovery  of  Gold,  157.  The  New  Far  West,  158.  The  Slavery 
Struggle,  160.  Election  of  Lincoln,  161.  Secession,  163. 

PART    IV. 

THE  REBELLION,   OR    WAR   OF    SECESSION. 

I.   THE  WAR  BEGINS.  —  FORT  SUMPTER 164 

II.   BATTLE  OF  BULL  RUN 165 

III.  BATTLES  AND  CAMPAIGNS  OF  1862 168 

Capture  of  Fort  Donelson,  168.  Battle  of  Shiloh,  169.  Bragg's  Invasion  of 
Kentucky,  169.  Battle  of  Murfreesboro',  170.  McClellan's  Campaign  on  the 
Peninsula,  170.  Battle  of  Antietam,  171.  Battle  of  Fredericksburg,  172. 
Capture  of  New  Orleans,  172.  The  Monitor  and  Merrimac,  174. 

IV.  BATTLES  AND  CAMPAIGNS  OF  1863 175 

The  Emancipation  Proclamation,  175.  Vicksburg,  175.  Battles  at  Chattanooga, 
176.  Operations  against  Charleston,  177.  Chancellorsville,  177.  Gettys 
burg,  178. 

V.   BATTLES  AND  CAMPAIGNS  OF  1864 180 

Grant's  Campaign  in  the  East,  180.  Sheridan  in  the  Valley,  181.  Sherman's 
March  to  the  Sea,  181.  Farragut  at  Mobile,  182.  The  Alabama  and  the 
Kearsarge,  183. 

VI.  THE  FINAL  CAMPAIGN '  .        184 

The  Situation  in  the  Spring  of  1865,  184.  Sherman's  Operations,  184.  Grant's 
Operations,  185.  Assassination  of  Lincoln,  186.  Peace,  187. 

VII.    FACTS  AND  REFLECTIONS 187 

VIII.   A  REVIEW  LESSON 191 

PART   V. 

ADMINISTRATIONS    SINCE   THE    WAR. 
I.  JOHNSON'S  ADMINISTRATION 193 

Reconstruction,  193.     Impeachment  of  the  President,  195.     The  French  in  Mexico, 
195.     Purchase  of  Alaska,  196.     The  Atlantic  Cable,  196. 

II.   GRANT'S  ADMINISTRATION 197 


ILLUSTRATI 

COLUMBUS  SAILING  FROM  PA  LOS  AND  LANDING  AT  GUA- 

ONS. 

Designer. 
W   Wand 

Kngraver. 
Karct 

Page 

COLUMBUS  ON  HIS  VOYAGE  OF  DISCOVERY  
MAP  OF  THE  ROUTE  OF  COLUMBUS,  —  FIRST  VOYAGE  .  . 
CHRISTOPHER  COLUMBUS  

A.  R.  IV  and 
IVetts  .     .     .     . 
A.  K.  Waud    . 
4    R.  \Vand    . 

Orr  .  . 
Walker  . 
Orr  .  . 
Orr  .  . 

7 
9 
14 

18 

DE  SOTO  DISCOVERING  THE  MISSISSIPPI  
MAP  OF  THE  ROUTE  OF  DE  SOTO  
INDIAN  LIFE  AND  BARBARITIES  

A.  R.  Waud    . 
Wells  .     .     .     . 
A.  R.  Waud    . 

Wells  .     .     . 

Karst  . 
Karst  .     . 
Karst  .     . 
Karst 

•       19 
23 

26 

INITIAL  EMBLEM  OF  THE  CAVALIERS  
MAP  OF  JAMESTOWN  AND  VICINITY  

C.  Ey  tinge   .     . 
Wells  .     .     . 
(Photograph) 

Karst  . 
Karst  . 

34 
•       36 

INITIAL  EMBLEM  OF  THE  PURITANS  
INITIAL  EMBLEM  OF  THE  DUTCH  IN  NEW  AMSTERDAM 

C.  Eytinge   . 
W.  Waud    . 
W   Waud 

Karst  .  . 
Karst  .  . 

.       46 
•       57 
62 

W   Waud    . 

63 

MAP  OF  OPERATIONS  AROUND  QUEBEC  
FIGHT  AT  THE  LIBERTY-POLE,  NEW  YORK  

Wells  .     .     .     . 
A  .  R.  Wand 
Gilbert 

Karst  •  • 
Karst  .  . 

•       70 
•       73 
76 

Wells 

Ki  nesl 

82 

W   Waud 

Karst 

Wells 

Ka  rst 

(  Photograph) 

Stiiepel  • 

BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN  

(Photograph) 
(Photograph) 

Spiegel  . 
Spiegel  • 

.     107 

L 

(  Photograph) 

Sfiiesrel 

(Photograph) 

Spiegel  • 

I  12 

(Photograph) 

Spiegel  • 

I  14 

JOHN  PAUL  JONES  -  . 
DANIEL  BOONE  IN  KENTUCKY  
PERRY'S  VICTORY  ON  LAKE  ERIE  
MAP  OF  THE  BATTLE  OF  PLATTSBURG  

A.  R.  Wand    . 
A.  R.  Wand    . 
A  .  R.  Wand    . 
Wells  .     .     .     . 
A    R    Waud    . 

A  ut  hotty  • 
Karst  .  . 
Karst  .  . 
Karst  .  . 
Karst  .  • 

•      i'5 
.      127 
•      135 
•     137 

A    R.  Waud    . 

A    R    Waud 

viii                                           ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Designer.                 Engraver. 

Page 

PROFESSOR  SAMUEL  F.  B.  MORSE    {Photograph}    .     Spiegel    . 

.      152 

BEYOND  THE  MISSISSIPPI      A.  R.  Wand    .     Karst  .     . 
ABRAHAM  LINCOLN      (Photograph}    .     Spiegel    . 
THE  RETREAT  FROM  BULL  RUN       A.  R.  Wand    .    Karst  .     . 
THE  CAPTURE  OF  NEW  ORLEANS     W.  Waiid    .     .     Karst  .     . 

•      159 
.      162 
.      166 
•     "73 

MAP  OF  OPERATIONS  IN  THE  EAST      Wells  ....     Karst  .     . 
MAP  OF  OPERATIONS  IN  THE  WEST     Wells  .     .              Karst 

•     I79 
.     189 

ANDREW  JOHNSON   (Photograph}    .     Spiegel    . 

•     193 

-33^ 
Columbus  sailing  from  Palos  and  landing  at  Guanahani. 

PART    I. 

DISCOVERIES     AND     SETTLEMENTS. 


I.    FOUR   CENTURIES    AGO. 
i.    EVERY  boy  and  girl  knows  that, 
in  our  day,  great  steamers  and  stately 
ships  sail  over  the  whole  of  the  vast 


c  K  BREVIARY    HISTORY. 


sea  which  surrounds  the  globe.     But,   four 
what  of  the    hundred  years  aofo,  the  ocean,  which  enables 

ocean  now  and  * 

400  years  ago?    us  to  go  so   swiftly  from  one  continent  to 

another,  nearly  stopped  the   movements  of 

people ;  so  mariners  could  only  sail  timidly 

along  the  coasts. 

what  did  2.    The  most  learned  men,  four  hundred 

learned  men 

think  about  the  years  ago,  did  not  know  that  the  earth   is 

shape  of  the  irri 

earth?  round.     11  they  had    been  told  that  a  ship 

might  start  from  a  port,  and,  by  sailing  on 
ward  for  many  months  in  the  same  direction, 
come  round  to  its  starting-point,  they  would 
what  of        iiave  scoffed  at  the  idea. 

America  at  this 

time  ?  3.    At  that  time  the  prairies  and  forests  of 

the  Western  World  were  the   home  of  red 

Indians,  who  hunted  and   fished  and  led  a 

savage  life  in  the  wild  freedom  of  nature.    All 

HOW  long      this  time,  the  people  who  lived  in   Europe 

were  Europeans  . 

ignorant  of  the  knew  nothing  about  the  Western  Continent ; 

Western  Conti-  .  . 

nent?  and  they  remained  ignorant  of  it  till  about 

four   hundred    years    ago,    when    the    New 
World  was  discovered  by  a  bold  Italian  nav 
igator,  named  Christopher  Columbus, 
why  did  the        A     Jhe  reason  why  the  ancients  did  not 

ancients  not     '  J 

know  about       know    the   real  shape   of  the  earth,   or  the 

America?  .  .  .. 

existence  of  America,  is   because  the  great 


FOUR    CENTURIES    AGO. 


art  of  navigation  was  then  in  a  very  rude 
state. 

5.  The  first  thing  that  enabled  sailors  to 
launch  out  boldly  on  the  trackless  sea  was 

that  wonderful  invention,  the  mariner's  com-     What  of  the 

compass  ? 

pass,  which  came  into  use  early  in  the  fif 
teenth  century.    The  Portuguese,  Spaniards,  w^^  s°™e 
and  Italians,  who  were  then  the  most  com-  tions< 
mercial  and  seafaring  nations  of  Europe,  be 
gan  to  venture   out  on   the  Atlantic.     The 
Azore   Islands,  which  lie  far  out  in  the  At-    .Tel1  of  their 

.  T-^  .  discoveries. 

lantic,  to  the  west  of  hurope,  were  discovered 
about  this  time.  The  western  coast  of  Africa, 
also,  was  explored  nearly  down  to  its  most 
southern  point. 

6.  Columbus  was  born  just  at  the  period    who  was  born 

at  this  time  ? 

when  these  bold  new  enterprises  were  go 
ing  on.  His  birthplace  was  the  city  of 
Gen'o-a,  on  the  Med-i-ter-ra'ne-an  Sea.  It  is  Teii  about  him 

when  a  lad. 

related  that  when  a  lacl  he  took  to  the  water 
as  though  it  were  his  native  element ;  but 
this  was  not  merely  because  he  had  a  boy 
ish  love  of  adventure,  for  at  the  same  time 
he  was  diligently  studying  all  that  was  then 
known  about  geography  and  navigation. 
After  he  grew  to  be  a  man  he  continued 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


to  follow   the  sea  :    for  many  years  he  was 
Tell  about  him  captain    of    Genoese    caravels,    which    were 

as  a  sea-captain. 

queer-looking,    high-prowed    ships,    and    he 

made  trading  voyages,  and  was  in  sea-fights, 

Was  this  the  and    suffered    shipwreck.       Thus    he    erew 

right   kind    of  . 

training?  strong  and  brave  for  the  great  work  which 

he  was  born  to  do. 

7.  When  Columbus  was  about  forty  years 

old  he  came  to  the  conclusion  that  he  could 

Can  you  men-  make   a  far  bolder  voyage    than    had    ever 

voyage  Coium-  been  attempted  before.     His  studies  had  led 

?  him   to  believe    that   our   earth,  instead   of 


why  did  he  beiiio:  flat,  as  was  thought,  is  round.     Hence 

ir»L-      l-i»      rvitilH  O  O 


think    he    could 
sail  round  tc 
east  of  Asia 


sail  round  to  the  he  was  firmly  persuaded  that  by  sailing  clue 


westward  from  Europe  across  the  Atlantic 
he  would  come  round  to  the  eastern  coast 
of  Asia. 

8.  Why  did  Columbus  wish  to  reach  Asia? 
Give  his  rea-  The   reason  was   that  his  countrymen,   the 

son  for  wishing  <  J 

to  sail  to  India.  Italian  merchants  living  on  the  Mediterra 
nean  Sea,  were  carrying  on  a  rich  trade  with 
India;  but  they  had  to  bring  the  silks  and 
spices  and  pearl  and  gold  of  the  East  over 
land  by  caravans,  and  it  was  dangerous  and 
expensive  to  transport  their  goods  by  this 
route ;  hence  Columbus  thought  it  would  be 


FOUR    CENTURIES    AGO. 


a  great  thing  if  he  could  sail  to  India  all  the 
way  by  sea.      Columbus  was  also  a  deeply 
religious   man,   and    he    longed    greatly    to  he 
bring    the    unknown    barbarous    nations    of  Christian. 
the  far  East  to  a  knowledge  of  the  Chris 
tian  faith. 

9.  Perhaps  you  will  ask  why  the   Italian    Tell  why  India 

1    .    J  could   not   then 

merchants  did  not  sail   round  the  Cape  of  be  reached  by 
Good   Hope,  and  reach   India  in    that  way.  Good  Hope. 
The  answer  is,  that  it  was  not  known  at  this 
time  that  a  ship  could  sail  round  the  south 
ern  point  of  Africa.     The  passage  round  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope  was  not  discovered  till 
two  or  three  years  after  Columbus  discovered 
America. 

10.  It  generally  happens  that  those  whom 
God  means  shall  make  great  discoveries  for 
mankind   meet    a    cold    reception    from   the  tria^aiidbco-r 
very  people  that  they  are  to  benefit.    Colum-  iambus  have? 
bus  tasted  this  bitter  cup.      He  burned  to 

make  a  voyage  that  should  determine  wheth 
er  he  was  right  in  his  bold  idea  of  reach 
ing  Asia  by  sailing  due  westward ;  but  the 
first  thing  was  to  secure  the  patronage  of 
some  king  or  court  that  would  give  him 
the  means  to  fit  out  a  vessel.  He  applied 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


to  various  governments,  and  spent  ten  years 
of  weary  waiting ;  but  he  received  no  encour 
agement. 
Give  an  ac-        1 1 .    Finally,  he  went  to  Spain.     The  sov- 

count  of  the  .  .  . 

years  spent  by    ereigiis  of   Spam   at  that  time  were  Queen 

SpajjL  "  Isabella  and    King   Ferdinand.      Columbus 

was  quite  well  treated ;  but  he  did  not  ob- 

why  he  was  tain  the  help  he  wanted ;  for  the  sovereigns 

not  listened  to.  i  i  •   i 

did  not  care  to  spend  money  on  a  plan  which 
was  called  a  wild  dream  by  all  the  learned 
men. 
Failing  in  12.    Columbus   waited    seven    years,    and 

Spain,  where  did     -  .  ,  i    i  • 

he  now  propose  then,  heart-sore,  but   undaunted,  turned  his 

back  on  the  court  of  Spain,  resolving  to  go 

and  apply  to  the  King  of  France.     While  on 

what  stopped  ^ js  way  }ie  was  overtaken  by  a  royal  mes- 

him  ?  3  J  / 

senger,  sent  by  the  Queen  to  call  him  back. 

The  dream  of  Columbus  suddenly  seemed 

to    Isabella   an   inspired   prophecy,   and   she 

Relate  the      exclaimed :  "  I  undertake  the  expedition  for 

story  of  what  .  1-11 

Isabella  said,  my  own  crown-  of  Castile,  and  will  pledge 
my  jewels  to  obtain  the  means ! "  This 
speech  showed  the  noble  spirit  of  the  Queen. 
However,  the  sacrifice  of  her  jewels  was  not 
needed,  because  other  means  were  found; 
so,  at  last,  after  nearly  twenty  years  of  dis- 


FOUR    CENTURIES    AGO. 


appointment,  Columbus 
was  gladdened  by  hearing 
the  order  given  to  fit  out 
a  fleet. 

13.  At  a  little  seaport  of  [ 
Spain  named  Palos  \J>a/i- 
los},  three  small  craft,  hard 
ly  bigger  than  the  yachts 
of  our  day,  were  got  ready. 
Their  names  were  the  San'- 
ta  Maria  \ma-re  aK\^  which 
Admiral  Columbus  himself 
commanded,  the  Pinta,  and 
the  Nina  \nenaK\.  The 
whole  number  of  persons 

Columbus  on  his  Voyage  of  Discovery. 

on  board  was  one  hundred 

and  twenty.     The  sun  rose  (August  3,  i492)  on  the  little 

fleet  sailing  forth  on  the  voyage  of  discovery. 


QUESTIONS. — Where   was  the  fleet  fitted  out?     Names  of  the  ships.     How 
many  persons  were  on  board  the  three  ships  ?     Give  the  date  of  sailing. 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


II.    THE   VOYAGE   OF   DISCOVERY, 
what  map  and       i.    THE  scholar  will  find  on  the  opposite 

picture  are  spo-  .     .  -  ~,    ,         ,  Tr 

ken  of?  page  a  map  ot  the  voyage  of  Columbus.     11 

he  turns  back  to  the  first  page,  he  will  find  a 
very  pretty  picture  of  the  two  principal  events 
of  the  voyage,  —  the  sailing  from  Palos  in 
Spain  (which  is  at  the  bottom  of  the  page) 
and  the  landing  in  the  New  World. 

2.    When  Columbus  left  Palos,  he  steered 
where  did     |-o  the  southwest,   and   reached   one   of  the 

Columbus  first  . 

sail  ?  Canary  Isles,  named  Go-me  ra.     Beyond  this 

was    the    dark,  mysterious,  unexplored   sea. 

What  courage  and  faith  it  needed  to  launch 

out  on  its  untried,  trackless  waste ! 

what  5s  said       7.    It  was  the  most  wonderful  voyage  ever 

of  the  vo\7age  ?  r    ,1  -i 

made.      The  ignorant   fears    of  the    sailors 

peopled  the  ocean  with  awful  dangers.     The 

Tell  two  things  compass  pointed  wrong,  and  the  men  thought 

that  alarmed  the  ,  ,  .    -,  -1,1  i   • 

sailors.  that  the  trade-winds,  which  carried  the  ships 

swiftly  westward,  would  prevent  them  from 
ever  getting  back.  Columbus  invented  plau 
sible  reasons  for  all  these  things.  Still,  as 


THE    VOYAGE    OF    DISCOVERY.                                9 

day    by    day    carried 

tSP^Ij3^^                 :i'':'' 

them  farther  and   far 

ther  away  from  home, 

^       o</%"""         \<^'/' 

their  alarm  increased. 

\    }  0<\     vJxij, 

**"                                       tf'                           \    ^     £             ^^                      ^^fe  '/X            '- 

4.    At   length    they 

\C     5     /S^         '^fm^ 

grew     mutinous,    and 

i     1    ""|l        ^wl 

wanted  to  turn  back  ; 

-  ***<,  5        1\° 

but    Columbus    stood 

I:  1  ^        I 

very  firm.    He  did  not 

<  \  ^    A 

— 

say     he     would     turn 

\      I  i 

£-              -a 

I 

back   if  they  did   not 

\  ^           5      ^    \* 

\              ^       ^     \ 
t»:-                                 ;:i 

1 

find  land  in  three  days 

?  ,....                !% 
^     "  '"'**.            '-.\ 

£ 

(as  you  may  have  read 

^;.   'xqH           ''•.== 
'i,                   \> 

(0 

p 

in  some  books),  —  no, 

^                       \             / 

ja 

£ 

he    declared    that    he 

^        \    / 

1 

was  bound  by  the  help 

/   N 

"o 

u 
g 

of    Heaven    to  go    to 

s                 \ 

1 

India! 

i|         "\ 
\ 

PL                   r~N         ••'                '^        '    " 

5.    Finally,    after 

L                                                 iv 

many  days1  sailing,  the 

1           ^           \       ^ 

faith  of  the  great  cap 

L                           A       1       ^V*0/* 

tain  was  rewarded  with 

i  llfL                   */K           1i?||/\: 

P  'ir-:     \\                                                  •               W^Jh     i                    ^             ^''^ 

signs  that  surely  betok 

•^rffli             J>^    ^V^A  A^'' 

ened  land.     Thus,  the 

\        ^  Jr/1  y 

sounding-line   reached 

.  ^^3S^>-  f/l  | 

the  bottom,  land-birds 

2          ^ 

IO  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


hovered  about  the  ships,  and  some  of  the 
sailors  took  up  the  branch  of  a  tree  with  red 
berries  quite  fresh, 
why  did  Co-      6.    Columbus   now  felt  so   sure   of  being 

lumbusmakethe  111  1 

ships  anchor?     near  land  that  on  the  evening  of  the   nth 
of  October  he  ordered  the  ships  to  lie  by. 

men  that  night. 


Teii  about  die  No    man    closed    his    eyes    that    night,  and 


all  kept  on  deck  intently  looking  in  the 
direction  where  they  supposed  land  would 
appear. 

About  the  light         7.     About    tWO    llOUl'S  before  midnight,  Co- 
seen  by  Colum-  .          ,  ,.  - 

bus.  lumbus  was  standing  on  the  forecastle  when 

he  observed  a  light  at  a  distance.     A  little 

land 'first  s'een  ?  a^tei    "Anight  the  joyful   sound   of  Land ! 

Land!  was  heard  from  the   Pinta. 
Relate  what        8.    When  the  morning  dawned,  the  voy- 

they  saw  in  the  .    .         .       .  r  .,  . 

morning.  agers  saw  an  island  about  five  miles  to  the 

north,  —  an  island  clad  in  lovely  verdure,  and 
which  the  natives  called  Guanahani  \_gwah- 
na-Jiane\.  All  shed  tears  of  joy,  and  raised 
a  hymn  of  thanksgiving  to  God.  Then  they 
fell  at  the  feet  of  Columbus,  and  implored 
his  pardon  for  their  ignorance  and  insolence 
and  the  pain  they  had  given  him. 
Give  an  ac-  n.  Immediately  the  boats  were  all  manned 

count    of   the  "     , 

landing.  and  armed,  and  with   colors  displayed,  and 


Describe  what 
the  sailors  did. 


THE    VOYAGE    OF    DISCOVERY.  I  I 


warlike  music,  and  other  martial  pomp,  the 
crews  rowed  toward  the  shore.  Columbus 
landed  in  a  rich  dress,  and  with  his  drawn 
sword  in  his  hand,  while  his  men  followed. 
They  set  up  a  cross,  and,  prostrating  them 
selves  before  it,  returned  thanks  to  Heaven 
for  their  prosperous  voyage.  Columbus  then 
caused  the  royal  standard  of  Castile  and  Leon 
to  be  set  up,  and  thus  took  possession  of  the 
land  for  the  crown  of  Spain. 

10.  While  the  Spaniards  were   thus  em 
ployed,  they  were  surrounded  by  the  natives,     Tell  about  the 

:  .      .      .  r  1  /•  natives,  —  what 

a  simple-minded  and  peaceful  race  of  tawny-  they  were  like, 

,    .  1  ,          !  t  1  ',1       aild     What      the>' 

skinned,    naked    savages,    who    gazed    with  thought. 
astonishment    on    the    new-comers.      They 
thought   them   the   children   of  the  sun,  or 
visitants  from  some  spirit  world.     Columbus  _  what  did 

Columbus  name 

named    the    natives    "Indians,"   because    he  them,  and  why  ? 
thought  the  island  he  had  found  really  lay 
off  the  coast  of  India,  or  Eastern  Asia;   he 
had  no  idea  that  he  had  discovered  a  new 
continent. 

11.  Columbus  next  sailed  southward,  and 
discovered  the   islands  of  Cu'ba  and  Hayti  voyage 
\_hate\      All  the    natives   they  found  were 
naked    savages,   who  kissed  the  feet  of  the 


12  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


Spaniards,    and    willingly    exchanged    their 
gold   ornaments    for  beads   and   pins   given 
them  by  the  sailors, 
when  did  Co-       j  2.    After  spending  some  time  in  explor- 

lumbus  start  to  i  i      •        "i 

go  back?  mg  the  islands,  Columbus  early  in  the  new 

year  (1493)  turned  his  prows  homewards, — 

carrying  with   him   the   greatest  news   ever 

borne  by  any  ship  over  any  sea. 

Give  an  ac-       1 3.    It  almost  seemed  as  though  the  an- 

count   of   the  •    i       i  n  r      r 

storm.  gry  deep  wished  to  swallow  up  all  proof  of 

the    grand    discovery,    for   a   terrible    storm 

arose,  and  the  ships  nearly  foundered.     Co- 

what  did  Co-  lumbus,  when  he  expected  his  vessels  to  go 

lumbus  do  ?  m  p 

down,  wrote  an  account  of  his  discoveries 
on  parchment,  enclosed  it  in  a  cake  of  wax, 
and  the  cake  in  a  cask  which  was  thrown 
overboard. 

14.  But  Heaven  watched  over  the  discov 
erer  of  the  New  World.     The  ships  reached 

what  of  the  Spain  in  safety.     Columbus  had  a  grand  re- 

vvelcome  home  . 

of  Columbus?  ception,  and  the  King  and  Queen  imme 
diately  ordered  a  large  and  fine  fleet  to  be 
fitted  out. 

15.  There    were    some    conceited    people 
who  pretended,  after  Columbus  had  made 
the  discovery,  that  it  was  not  so  wonderful  a 


THE    VOYAGE    OF    DISCOVERY. 


thine,  after  all.     It  is  related  that  at  a  ban-     The  courtier 

.  -11         v  •    i     that   could   dis- 

quet  a  foolish  courtier  said  he  did  not  think  cover  America, 

,          ,  1,1  T  but  could  not 

it    was   very    hard    to    make    the    discovery.  make  an  egg 
Columbus  asked  him  to  make  an  egg  stand  ^ba0ntft'  hi^n 
on  end,  and  when  he  had  to  own  that  he 
could  not  do  it,  Columbus  broke  the  end  of 
the  egg,  when  it  stood  very  readily,  —  which 
was  a  courteous   but  severe   rebuke  to  the 
pretender,  was  it  not? 

1  6.  Columbus  made  a  second,  third,  and 
fourth  voyage.  During  this  time  he  planted 
several  colonies  in  the  West  India  Islands,  where  did  he 

found  colonies  ? 

He  also  discovered  South  America,  near  the     what  great 


mouth  of  the  Orino'co  River,  in  1498. 

17.    It  was  the  lot  of  Columbus  to  receive  ,  what  did  Co- 

'  lumbus  suffer  ? 

injustice  and  neglect  in  return  for  the  great 

est  benefits.     His  fame  stirred  up  the  jeal-     His  fame, 

J  stirred  up  what  ? 

ousy  and  hatred  of  powerful  persons  at  the 

Spanish  court.     He  was  deprived  of  the  gov-     Repeat  what 

r  .      ,    .         .        you   can   of  the 

ernment  of  the  colony  he  had  founded  in  the  last  sad  years  of 

New  World,  and  sent  home  in  chains.     Af-  ' 
ter  the  death  of  his  friend,  Queen   Isabella, 
he  was  treated  still  worse,  and  was  allowed 
to  die  in  poverty  and  neglect,  at  the  age  of 
seventy-two. 

1  8.    You  would  say  —  would  you  not?  — 


14  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


what  should  that  the  New  World  should  have  been  called 

ie  Nev 

ive  be 
called  ? 


the  New  World     „    .          ,  .      .       ,  _     ,  -,. 

have  been         Columbia  in  honor  of  the  oreat  discoverer. 


But  even  this  justice  was  denied  Columbus. 
It  did  not  receive  any  particular  name  for  a 
number  of  years.     Finally,  a  German  writer 
who  called  it  on  geography  called  it  AMERICA,  after  Amer'- 

America,  and       .  -fr  .         r  /    7  i   •        TA    v  i 

why?  icus  Vespucius  \yes-pu  she-us\,  an  Italian  who 

made  several  voyages  to  South  America  soon 

after    Columbus's    first   discovery,  and   who 

wrote  a  description  of  the  countries  he  saw. 

19.    But,  whatever  injustice  there  was  in 

what  undying  naming  the  New  World,  no  American  can 

glory  has  Co-  ,  .  ..  ,   ,        ^    , 

lumbus?  ever  forget  that  it  was  discovered  by  Colum 

bus,  the  boldest  sailor  that  ever  trod  a  deck, 
and  one  of  the  noblest  men  that  ever  lived. 


Christopher  Columbus. 


CLAIMS  OF  ENGLAND  AND  FRANCE.          15 


III.    HOW   ENGLAND   AND   FRANCE- CAME   TO 
CLAIM    PART   OF   AMERICA. 


1.  WHEN  the  news  of  the  discovery  of  the  ,.  ,wl?at 

J  did   the   discov- 

land  of  gold  beyond  the  Atlantic  spread  over  ery  of  America 

J  .  L  have  ? 

Europe,  many  bold  navigators  made  voyages 
to  the  New  World. 

2.  There  were    many  voyages   made   bv     Name  some 

J  J      .  'of  the  nations 

Spanish,  and  French,  and  English  explorers,  thatmdevoy- 
We  shall  first  learn  about  the  English  and 
French    explorations,    because    the    English 
and  French  said  their  discoveries  gave  them 
a  right  to  the  soil  of  America. 

3.  The  reason  why  the  English  said  they  _  why  did  the 

^  -/<  °         a  '    English  lay 

had  a  right  to  settle  in  America  is  because  claim  to  Amer- 
North  America  was  discovered  by  a  navigator 
named  CAB'OT,  an  Italian,  settled  in  Bristol 
who  sailed  under  the  flag  of  England. 

4.  Cabot,  as  soon  as  he  heard  of  Col  urn-    ,w!iatir(!id  he 

^  ask  the  King 

bus  s  great  discovery,  applied  to  the  King  of  for  ? 
England  for  leave  to  make  a  voyage  of  dis 
covery.     This  was  granted  by  Henry  VII., 
and  Cabot  sailed  with  his  son,  Sebastian. 


1 6  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


Relate  the  c     The  Cabots  sailed  on  a  line  far  north 

Cabots'  voyage. 

of  the  route  of  Columbus.     They  succeeded 

in    reaching   the   New   World,  —  it  is    sup- 

Was  this  the  posed  at  Cape  Breton,  —  and  this  was   the 

first  discovery      L 

of  North  Amer-  first  discovery  of  any  part  of  North  America. 

ica?  J.  : 

The  date?      It  was  made  in  1494  or  1497. 

Repeat  what        6.    In  1498,  Sebastian  Cabot  made  a  sec- 

you  can  of  Cab 

ot's  second  voy-  ond  voyage.     He  reached  the  shore  of  Amer 

ica  far  to  the  north,  —  up  about  Labrador. 

He  then  changed  his  course,  and  steered  to 

the  south,  sailing  down  the  American  coast 

For  whom      to  what  we  now  call  Virginia.     Cabot  claimed 

did  he  claim  the 

land?  all  the  land  he  discovered  lor  the  crown  of 

England  ;  and  hence,  when  the  English  said 
that  they  owned  a  large  part  of  North  Amer 
ica,  they  declared  it  was  theirs  "  by  virtue  of 
the  right  of  first  discovery  by  Cabot." 


Nr  mhathe  veY        /'    ^ow  we  must  learn  what  was  the  foun- 
the  French  a      dation  of  the  French  claim  to  a  part  of  North 

claim.  .  -  . 

America.      In  the  year   1524,  the    King  of 

France  sent  a  navigator   named  Verrazzani 

\yair-ats-zaK  ne\  to  America  for  the  purpose 

Relate  what    of  making  discoveries.     He  sailed  along  the 

he  did. 

coast  from  Florida  to  Newfoundland.  He 
set  up  the  standard  of  the  French  monarch, 
and  called  the  country  New  France. 


ENGLAND  AND  FRANCE  CLAIM  PART  OF  AMERICA.   I  J 


8.    But  though  England  and  France  said    IM  the  trench 

or  English  plant 

that  they  owned  a  great  part  01  the  wilder-  any  colonies 
ness  of  North  America,  they  did  nothing  in 
the  way  of  planting  colonies  for  a  long  time. 
It  was  more  than  one  hundred  years  after 
this  before  lasting  French  or  English  colo 
nies  were  founded  in  the  New  World. 

o.    True,  both  the  French  and  the  English    Did  they  make 

.       any  attempts  ? 

made  some  attempts  to  found  settlements  in 

their  possessions.     James  Carrier  \_kart-yed~\  ^  Ten  about 

tried  to  plant  a  colony  along  the  St.  Lawrence 

River  in  New  France ;  but  he  failed.     In  the 

far  southern  part  of  our  country  two  colonies     About  the 

J  Southern  settle- 

of  French  Protestants  were  formed.     But  the  ments  and  their 
band  that  went  to  South  Carolina  became 
discouraged,  and  returned ;  while  the  settle 
ment  in  Florida  was  attacked  by  Spaniards 
and  the  people  were  put  to  the  sword. 

10.  In  the  early  English  attempts  at  Amer-     Name  the 

J          &  \  leader  of  the 

ican  settlement,  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  was  the  English  at- 
leader.      Raleigh  was  a  very  accomplished  e™vho  was 
courtier,  and  a  great  favorite  with  Elizabeth,  K 
the  "  Virgin  Queen,"  in  whose  reign  he  lived. 

11.  Queen  Elizabeth  gave  Raleigh  a  grant     what  grant 

&.  .  &          &  .  did  he  receive  ? 

of  a  great  tract  of  land  in  America.     First,     state  what  he 

.  .  did  first. 

he  sent  out  two  ships  to  explore  the  country. 


1 8  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


Tell  the  story  T}ie  expedition  landed  on   Roanoke   Island 

of    the    expedi 
tion.  (j\T.  C.).     The  voyagers  were  kindly  treated 

by  the  natives,  and  re 
turned  with  glowing 
accounts  of  the  land 
what  was  the  they  had  seen.     Out 

country  named, 

and  why?          of  compliment  to  the 
"  Virgin  Queen  "  the 
country    was    named 
VIRGINIA. 
Ten  the  story       j  2<    Raleigh  was  so  Sir  Walter  Raleigh- 

of  the  first  colo-  <  m& 

ny-  delighted  with  the  reports  of  the  land  beyond 

the  sea,  that  he  now  sent  out  a  band  of  colo 
nists,  who  began  a  settlement  at  Roanoke. 
But  the  Englishmen  got  into  trouble  with 
the  Indians,  and  came  near  starving ;  so, 
when  a  fleet  under  the  bold  captain,  Sir 
Francis  Drake,  happened  to  arrive  off  the 
coast,  they  were  glad  to  forsake  the  country, 
what  became  And  it  was  well  they  did,  for  when  Raleigh 

of  the  other  J 

band?  sent  out  another  band  of  emigrants  they  were 

murdered  by  the  Indians. 
what  was  the       i  <im  Thus  we  see  that  all  these  attempts  to 

result  of  the  **  •   i  i        •         •        A 

English  and       found  French  or  English  colonies  in  Amer- 
tempts?*          ica  during  the  sixteenth  century  failed. 


De  Soto  discovering  the  Mississippi. 

IV.  SPANISH  ADVENTURES  AND 
CONQUESTS. 


1.  THE  Spaniards  of  the  time  of 

Columbus  were  a  strange  compound  of  religious  adven 
ture,  fanatical  cruelty,  wild  superstition,  and  boundless 
greed. 

2.  No  sooner  had  Columbus  planted  a  colony  in  the 
West  Indies  than  crowds  of  adventurous  spirits  passed 
over  from  Spain  to  America.     They  took  possession  of 
all   the  West   India   Islands,  and  from  there  began   to 
push  off  to   the   mainland.     In  this  way  the  Spaniards 
discovered  and  took  possession  of  the  Isthmus  of  Pana 
ma,  of  the  rich  gold-land  of  Peru,  of  Yucatan,  of  Florida, 
and  of  Mexico. 


QUESTIONS.  —  Repeat    what  is   said  of  the   old  Spaniards.     When  did   they 
come  to  America  ?     Name  the  countries  they  seized. 


2O  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


\yhattwoop-       <?     Thev  everywhere  set  up  the  cross  as 

posite  things  did  J  r 

they  do?  the  symbol  of  the  Christian  faith;  but  at  the 

same  time  they  treated  the  poor  natives  with 
most  unchristian  cruelty ;  for  they  enslaved 
them,  and  wore  out  their  lives  in  merciless 
toil  in  the  mines  and  on  the  plantations. 

of  ^theats  jan^sh  4'  '^ie  mstoiT  °f  trie  Spanish  conquest  of 
conquests?  those  countries  that  are  named  above  —  and 
which  together  form  what  used  to  be  called 
Spanish  America  —  is  full  of  tales  of  chiv 
alrous  exploits  and  of  heartless  conduct. 
Of  the  many  adventures  of  the  Spaniards 
there  are  three  that  are  important  to  be  re 
membered  in  connection  with  the  history  of 
our  country. 

PONCE    DE    LEOX. 

Give  the  first       r     The  first  adventure  is   the  voyage  of 

adventure,    and         w  f  .  . 

tell  why  it  is  in-  Ponce  [  pon  the\  de  Leon  to  Florida.     This 

teresting.  ....  . 

is  of  interest,  because  it  led  to  the  earliest 
discovery  by  the  Spaniards  of  any  part  of 
what  is  now  the  United  States. 

didVDetUone"d         6"     De  LeOn  heard  an  India11  legend  about 

hear  and  be-      a  fountain,  the  waters  of  which  had  the  power 

heve?  r 

to  keep  one  forever  young.  (Suck  things 
could  really  be  believed  in  those  days ! ) 


SPANISH    ADVENTURES    AND    CONQUESTS.  21 


7.  To  find  this  fabled  fountain,  he  sailed     Give  an  ac 

count  of  his  voy- 
from    the   West    Indies    in    the    year    1512.  age. 

After  some  time  he  reached  a  land  of  flowers, 
which  he  called  FLORIDA.  This  was  the 
same  place  we  now  call  Florida, —  which, 
you  know,  is  the  southern  peninsula  of  the 
United  States. 

8.  De  Leon  was,  of  course,  disappointed     pive,  ;he  re- 

sult   of   his   ex- 
ill   his  search   for  the   fountain   of  immortal  peciition. 

youth.  He  left,  but  afterwards  returned  with 
a  band  of  adventurers,  and  tried  to  take 'pos 
session  of  the  country ;  but  his  people  were 
driven  off  by  the  Indians,  and  he  was  mor 
tally  wounded. 

o.    Although  after  De  Leon  a  number  of  ~  Y« en  'T  th*e 

o  nrst  Spanish  set- 

Spanish  explorers  went  to  the  coast  of  Flor-  t'enie"t  >"  the 

r  r  .  United      States 

ida   and   South   Carolina,   yet   no  settlement  made  ? 
was  made  there  till  St.  Augustine,  in  Flor 
ida,  was  founded  in  1565,  —  the  oldest  town 
in  the  United  States. 


DE    SOTO    DISCOVERS    THE    MISSISSIPPI. 

10.  We  must  now  learn  about  the  mar-     who  was  the 

discoverer  of  the 

vellous  adventures  of  Ferdinand  de  Soto,  the  Mississippi  ? 
discoverer  of  the  Mississippi  River. 

11.  De  Soto  was   the   Spanish  governor     who  was  he? 


22  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


where  did  he  of  one  of  the  West  India  Islands.     He  col- 
get  his  force  ?  .  . 

lectecl  there  and  in  Spain  a  finely  equipped 
force,  and  sailed  to  Florida, 
where  did  i2.    From  there  the  mailed  and  mounted 

they  go  after 

landing  in          warriors,   under   their  fiery   leader,   plunged 

Florida  ? 

into  the  interior  of  the  country.      1  hey  trav 
eled   far   north   into   what    is    now  Georgia, 
but  was    then   the    land   of  the   Cherokees. 
Descending  southwestward,  the  followers  of 
De  Soto  arrived  near  where  Mobile  now  is. 
6       1 3-    De  Soto  had  believed  that  he  would 
would  find?       finc{  m  tne  interior  of  the  country  rich  treas- 
what  did  he  ures  of  Q;old  and  silver ;  but,  instead,  he  met 

really  find?  _  "  '  ' 

only  savage   Indians,  with  whom  he  had  to 
fight  many  battles,  and  his  men  had  to  hew 
their  way  through  forests  and  swamps  and 
endure  sickness  and  suffering, 
what  great         14.    However,  he  made  one  great  discov- 

discovery  did  he 

make?  ery ;  he  found,  not  any  treasures  of  gold,  or 

jewels,  but  he  found  the  Father  of  Waters. 

Give  an  ac-     '^]ie  manner  of  the  discovery  was  this :  he 

count  ot  tlie  ^  * 

march  north      went    northwest    from   Mobile,  and,  after   a 

from  Mobile. 

toilsome  march  of  many  weeks,  finally  came 
to  a  great  stream,  which  the  natives  called 
Mesa-seba,  —  which  is  the  same  mighty  river 
we  still  call  the  Mississippi. 


SPANISH    ADVENTURES    AND    CONQUESTS. 


15.  De  Soto  did  not  give  up  his  search  for  treasures 
for  many  months,  —  in  fact,  not  till  most  of  his  grand 
array  of  armor-clad  Spaniards  had  dwindled  away. 

1 6.  Finally,  the  daring  old  discoverer  became  broken 
hearted  and  died ;  he 

was  buried  in  the 
mighty  river  which 
he  was  the  first  Eu 
ropean  to  behold. 
Those  of  his  follow 
ers  who  survived  built 
rafts,  and,  floating 
down  the  Mississippi, 
reached  a  Spanish 
settlement  in  Mexico. 
Now,  after  learning 
these  facts,  you  will  Route  of  DC 

find   it  very  interesting  to  follow^   De  Soto's   route   as 
given  on  the  map  under  your  eye. 


CONQUEST    OF    MEXICO. 

17.    The  third  and  most  important  of  the  Spanish  ex 
ploits  in  America  is  the  conquest  of  Mexico  by  Cortez. 


QUESTIONS.  —  How  long  did  he  look  for  gold?     Tell  of  his  death  and  burial. 
What  became  of  his  men  ?     What  is  the  last  Spanish  expedition  spoken  of? 


24  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


Ten  about  the       T  g.    You  must  know  that,  at  the  time  Co- 

abongmal    race 

of  Mexico.         lumbus   discovered   America,   there    was   in 
Mexico  a  large  and  powerful  people.     These 

civu£atio°f  their  were  the  ^ztecs-  They  belonged  to  a  much 
higher  race  than  the  American  Indians,  for 
they  lived  in  cities  containing  great  palaces 
and  temples,  and  had  a  written  language,  and 
books,  and  tilled  the  soil,  —  so  that  they  may 
be  said  to  have  been  semi-civilized, 
when  the  jg.  The  Spaniards  soon  heard  of  this  rich 

Spaniards  heard 

of  Mexico,  what  country  of  the  Aztecs,  and  its  mines  of  s^old 

expedition  was  „  .  .  . 

fitted  out?         and  silver.     Accordingly,  an  expedition  was 

fitted    out    for    its    conquest.      A    Spaniard 

named    Fernando   Cortez,   a   very   able    and 

daring  but  cruel  man,  wras  made  the  leader. 

Relate  the          2o.    In    n>iQ   the   expedition   sailed    from 

early   history  of 

the  expedition.    Cuba,  and  landed  at  Vera  Cruz.     Here  the 
Spanish  commander  burnt  his  ships  to  show 
his  men  that  they  must  conquer  or  die. 
where  did          2i.    Soon  after,  Cortez  marched  upon  the 

Cortez  march  ?'.,/.,» 

capital  of   the  Aztec  emperor,  whose   name 

what  was  the  was  Montezuma.     After  three  years  of  war- 
result  of  the  T      O        •  1 
struggle?          fare,  the  Spanish  army  captured  the  city  of 

Mexico. 

HOW  long  did       22.    The  Spaniards  took  possession  of  the 

the  Spaniards  A  . 

rule  Mexico  ?     whole  country,  and  it  was  ruled  bv  Spanish 


SPANISH    ADVENTURES    AND    CONQUESTS.  25 


governors  for  three  hundred  years  after  this. 

They  enslaved  the  natives  to  feed  their  greed     Thei£  tfeat' 

J  ment  or  the  na- 

for  gold.     The  exhaustless  mines  of  Mexico  tives- 
and  Peru  became  the  prize  of  the  Spanish 
conquest  of  America.      But   it  was  not  by 
men  of  this  kind  that  Providence  was  minded  ,  w?r,e  these 

the  right  men 

to  found  a  great  nation  on  the  soil   of  the  to  found  a  free 

,  ,  .      .  ,  *~  state  ? 

New  World. 


Indian  Life  and  Barbarities. 


V.    THE   AMERICAN    INDIANS. 


i.    AMERICA  was  indeed  a  new  world. 
v/     Everywhere    the    European    explorers, 
^    as  they  landed  on  the  coast  or  threaded 
^T   their  perilous  way  into  the  wooded  in 
terior,  beheld  novel  scenes  and  objects. 


THE    AMERICAN    INDIANS.  27 


2.  For  the  first  time,  the  Europeans  saw     what  strange- 

'  plants  were 

Indian  corn,  and   tobacco,  and   potatoes, —  found  in  Amer- 

in  ^ 

three  plants  that  are  natives  of  America,  and 

which  were  not  introduced  into  Europe  till 

after  the  discovery  of  the  Western  Continent. 

For  the  first  time,  also,  they  saw  the  buffalo,    what  animals? 

the  llama,  and  the  turkey. 

3.  On  the  other  hand,  they  observed  with     Name  some 

European  ani- 

surpnse   that   many  familiar  European   am-  mais  they  did  not 
mals,  such  as  the  horse,  cow,  sheep,  cat,  dog, 
and  hen,  were  not  to  be  found  in  America. 

4.  But  the  greatest  novelty  of  all  was  the  ^est  ™vei^ 
new  race   of  men.     The  people   whom  the  ty? 
Europeans  found  on  this  continent  differed 

in  appearance,  manners,  and  customs  from 
all  the  inhabitants  of  the  Old  World.  They 
were  a  new  type  of  mankind. 

5.  Probably  every   scholar   has    seen    an    Have  you  ever 

.  J  J  .  seen  an  Indian  ? 

Indian.  Now,  the  red  man  of  to-day  is 
much  the  same  as  his  ancestors  whom 
the  early  explorers  of  America  met  three 
hundred  years  ago.  The  Indian  is  tall,  Describe  the 

.    ,  ,          ..  .  ,         T  T.        ,  .  red  man. 

straight,  and  well  proportioned.  His  skin  is 
of  a  copper  brown ;  his  hair  long,  black,  and 
coarse.  Columbus  gave  the  red  man  the 
name  of  "  Indian,"  because  he  supposed  the 


28  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


land  he  found  was  a  part  of  India  or  East 
ern  Asia,  ^s 
why  were          5^    The  Indians  were  not  a  civilized  race. 

they  not  a  civil 
ized  race  ?          This  means  that  they  had  no  written  books, 

or  well-organized  society,  or  arts,  or  manufac- 

Their  manner  tures,  or  agriculture.     They  lived  mainly  by 

hunting  and  fishing,  and  cultivating  patches 

of  Indian  corn,  beans,  potatoes,  and  melons. 

Their  arts.      Their  arts  were  of  the  rudest  kind,  that  is, 

they  could  make  bows  and  arrows,  and  stone 

tomahawks,  and  mortars  for  pounding  corn, 

and  birch-bark  canoes,  and  they  could  dress 

skins ;  but  that  was  about  all  they  could  do. 

Tell  about  ~     The    Indians   had   no  regular   govern- 

their  govern-  .  ° 

ment  and  tribes  ment.  They  wrerc  simply  gathered  together 
into  tribes,  each  under  its  own  chief,  though 
sometimes  several  tribes  united  and  formed 
a  band  or  confederacy. 

Describe  their  8.  War  was  the"  great  delight  of  the  red 
man.  The  Indians  scalped  their  foes,  and 
cherished  the  scalps  as  trophies  and  used 
them  as  decorations  for  their  bridles.  If 
captured  by  an  enemy  they  never  asked  life; 
they  would  show  no  fear  even  at  the  sight 
of  the  fire  that  was  to  burn  their  bodies. 
They  prided  themselves  on  their  stoicism, 


\vavs  in  war. 


THE    AMERICAN    INDIANS.  2Q 

which  means  a  contempt  for  danger  and 
death. 

Q.    Woman,  amoiw  the    Indians,   was   re-     What  is  saicl 

3  .  of  their  women  ? 

garded  as  a  drudge,  whose  business  was  to 
save  man  from  the  degradation  of  labor. 
The  women  dressed  the  food,  tilled  the  little 
patches  of  ground,  and  took  charge  of  the 
"  wigwams,"  as  the  Indian  habitations  were 
called. 

10.  The  Indian  had  not  the  rudiments  of  _  state  why  the 

Indians  could 

civilization  in  his  character.    He  had  no  sense  not  be  civilized. 

of  the  obligation  of  law  ;  he  had  no  capacity 

for  settled  industry.     To  try  to  civilize  him 

was  but  to  destroy  his  native  virtues  and  to 

give   him    no  others   in   their  stead.     "  The 

Great   Spirit,"    he    said  himself,    u  gave    the 

white    man  a  plough    and    the   red    man   a 

bow  and  arrow,  and  sent  them  into  the  world 

by  different  paths,   each  to  get  a   living  in 

his  own  way." 

1 1.  You  must  not  think,  from  all  this,  that     Was  the  rec* 

man  all  bad  ? 

the  Indian  had  no  good  qualities ;  for  under 
his  tawny  skin  there  beat  a  human  heart, 
and  in  every  human  heart  there  is  something 
divine. 

12.  They  were  often  hospitable  and  gen-  g0odeiquai 


Mention  some 
ities. 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


LTOUS,  giving  with  the  thoughtless  liberality 

of  children.     When  they  were  well  treated, 

they  generally  showed  friendship  and  fidelity. 

,-  Dic!  th^yAe"    They  believed  in  God,  whom  they  called  the 

licve  in  God?  J  J 

Great  Spirit ;  idolatry  was  rare  among  them. 
They  were  brave  and  high-spirited,  and  had 
a  sort  of  noble  eloquence. 

1 3.    But  from  the  clay  that  white  colonists 

set  their  foot  on  the  soil  of  North  America, 

the  natives  of  that  soil  were  doomed.     The 

show  how  the  omns  which  they  o-ot  from  the  whites  only 

arts  ot  the  whites  <~  e  -1 

injured  the  in-  made  them  reckless  in  their  destruction  of 

dians.  . 

game,  and  rendered  their  petty  wars  more 
frequent  and  more  bloody.  The  rum  of  the 
white  man  turned  them  into  brutes.  The 
cottons'  and  calicoes  which  they  learned  to 
use  in  place  of  their  own  furs  and  deer-skins 
caused  sickness  and  consumption. 
Teii  about  the  j*  Jt  soon  appeared  that  the  two  races 

bad  feeling  that 

arose.  could  not  live  together.     Then  they  began 

to  hate  each  other.  The  whites  showed 
themselves  grasping  and  unfeeling  in  taking 
the  lands  of  the  Indians  ;  the  red  man  be 
came  crafty,  revengeful,  and  murderous.  And 
StiH  ^s  kad  s^te  of  feeling  lasts  even  down  to 
the  present  day. 


THE    AMERICAN    INDIANS.  3! 


15.    The  picture  that  stands  at  the  head  of  .  "escribe  the 

^  picture  in  your 

this  chapter  presents  some  scenes  of  old  time  own  language. 
Indian  life.     It   shows   the   buffalo  hunt,  in  ,  Thcbuffal° 
which  the  red  man  delighted,  and  the  canoe 
which  he   paddled   swiftly   over  the   waters. 


^     i,  you  will  see  the  mother  mourning  her     The  dead 
dead  child.     Finally,  the  picture  presents  a 
terribly  frequent  experience  in  the  life  of  our 
forefathers,  —  a  white  captive  bound  to  the  .  Thc  exccu- 

1  <  tion. 

stake  and   surrounded  by  the  dancing  sav 
ages  who  are  about  to  put  him  to  death. 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


VI.    A    REVIEW    LESSON. 


1.  What  have  tve  gone  over  in  the  pre- 
t'ioits  chapters  ? 

We  have  gone  over  the  early  pe 
riod  of  our  country's  history,  down  to 
the  time  just  before  the  English  began 
to  plant  those  colonies  which  after 
wards  grew  to  be  the  United  States. 

2.  What  space  of  time  is  included? 

From  the  discovery  of  Amer 
ica  by  Columbus  in  1492,  down  to  the 
founding  of  the  first  English  colony, 
in  Virginia,  in  1607. 

3.  What  may  this  period  be  called  / 
The  period  of  discovery  and  ex 
ploration. 

4.  What  nations  of  Europe  were  en 
gaged  in  making  explorations  and  settle 
ments   in    Arorth    America    during  this 
period  ? 

The  Spaniards,  the  English,  and 
the  French. 

5.  Can  you  mention  some  of  the  most 
important  of  the  Spanish  explorations  and 
settlements  ? 

Very  soon  after  the  discovery  of 
America,  the  Spaniards  settled  the 
West  India  Islands.  In  1512,  De 
Leon  discovered  the  southern  coast 


of  what  is  now  the  United  States, 
and  called  it  Florida.  In  1513,  Bal 
boa,  by  crossing  the  isthmus  of  Pan 
ama,  discovered  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
In  1519-21,  Cortez  conquered  Mex 
ico.  In  1541,  De  Soto,  after  march 
ing  over  a  great  part  of  what  is  now 
the  southern  section  of  our  country, 
discovered  the  Mississippi  River. 

6.  What  name  did  the  Spaniards  apply 
io  this  country  ? 

They  called  all  North  America, 
except  Mexico,  Florida. 

7.  Name  the  first  explorations  made  by 
the  English  in  America. 

Those  of  Cabot,  1494  (or  1497) 
and  1498,  —  noted  as  being  the  first 
discovery  of  North  America. 

8.  Did  the  English  try  to  make  settle 
ments  in  North  America  during  the  six 
teenth  century  ? 

Yes  ;  but  all  failed. 

9.  Tell  about  the  most  important. 

Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  between  1584 
and  1587,  sent  out  three  parties  to 
settle  on  Roaiioke  Island,  in  the 
region  called  by  the  English  Vir 
ginia.  All  failed. 


A    REVIEW    LESSON. 


33 


10.  What  caused  the  French  to  claim 
part  of  North  America  ? 

The  exploration  of  the  coast,  in 
1 524,  by  Verrazzani,  who  named  it 
New  France ;  and  of  the  St.  Law 
rence  region,  by  Cartier,  in  1 534. 

1 1 .  Wh  at  were  the  first  successful  French 
and  English  settlements  ? 


The  French  in  Acadia  (Nova  Sco 
tia)  in  1605,  and  at  Quebec  in  1608  ; 
and  the  English  at  Jamestown,  in 
Virginia,  in  1607. 

12.  What  did  these  discoveries  by  vari 
ous  nations  lead  to  ? 

Rival  claims  to  American  terri 
tory,  as  illustrated  on  this  map. 


TO  ILLUSTRATE 


34 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


VII.   VIRGINIA  AND  THE  SOUTHERN  COLONIES. 


OLONIES  of  England,— 
such  was  our  country  in  its 
infancy.  Remember  this  fact, 
for  it  is  very  important. 

2.  We  are  now  to  see  how 
those  colonies  were  planted 
which  afterwards  became  the 
United  States,  —  how  the 
brave  pioneers  of  American 
settlement,  struggling  hard 
with  savage  nature  and  more 
savage  man,  succeeded  at  last 
in  gaining  a  firm  foothold  on 
the  American  coast ;  how  they 
felled  the  forests  and  cultivated  the  soil  and  established 
society  and  laws ;  how  they  were  gradually  trained  to 
the  love  of  liberty,  and,  finally,  how  they  revolted  from 
Great  Britain  and  made  themselves  "  free  and  indepen 
dent,"  a  hundred  years  ago. 

QUESTIONS.  —  \Vhat  was  our  country  in  its  infancy?  Tell  what  part  of  our 
history  we  are  going  to  learn  now.  This  period  lasts  till  the  Revolution,  —  how 
long  is  that  ? 


VIRGINIA    AND    THE    SOUTHERN    COLONIES.  35 


3.  The  first   English  colony  in  America     Name  the  first 

0  .     .  .  English  colony 

was  Virginia,  —  founded  at  J  amestown  in  the  in  America. 
year  1607. 

4.  The  leaders  in  the  colonization  of  Vir-  lc^J°,werethe 
ginia  were  a  number  of  English   noblemen 

and   enterprising  merchants,  who  formed  a 
company  called  the  "  London  Company." 

5.  The    Kino-  of   England,  whose    name     what  land 

&  m  &  did  the  King 

was  James  the  -First,  gave  these  men  a  great  give  them? 
slice    of  the    immense    territory   which   the 
English  claimed  in   America.     It  took  the 
name  of  South  Virginia,  and  it  included  all     Give  its  name 

and  what  it  m- 

that  we  now  call  Virginia  and  a  good  deal  eluded, 
more.     The  King  gave  them  a  written  agree-     What  writing 

&&  did  the  King 

ment,  called  a  charter.      It  bore  the  great  give  them  ? 
seal  of  England,  as  you  will  see  in  the  ini 
tial  picture  on  the  page  before  this,  and  was 
their  title-deed  to  their  possessions. 

6.  As  soon  as  the  London  Company  had  T  Te,n  what  the 

1         J  London  Com- 

received  their  charter  they  sent  a  band  of  panj  now  did, 

one  hundred  and  five  emigrants  across  the 
ocean  to  begin  a  settlement. 

7.  After  crossing  the  Atlantic,  the  voya-     Give  an  ac- 

0          .  J        count  of  the  voy- 

gers  found  themselves  in   Chesapeake   Bay.  age  and  landing 
Here  they  discovered  a  fine  river,  which  they 
named  the    James.     They  sailed  up   it  for 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


some  distance,  and  began  a  settlement  at  a  place  which 
they  named  JAMESTOWN.     This  was  in  May,  1607. 

8.  This  settle 
ment  at  Jamestown 
in  Virginia  was  the 
first  lasting  English 
settlement  in  the 
United  States.  You 
will  find  the  plan 
on  the  map  here 
given.  Jamestown 
was  burnt  during 
the  old  colonial  days, 
and  all  that  is  left 
is  the  crumbling 
church  tower,  of 
which  a  little  sketch, 
taken  during  the  late  war  (1862),  is  given  on  the  map. 

EARLY    HISTORY    OF    VIRGINIA. 

9.  When  the  Virginia  pioneers  landed,  the  whole 
country  was  covered  with  thick  forests.  The  first  thing 
the  new-comers  had  to  do  was  to  fell  trees  and  build 
themselves  log-cabins. 


Jamestown  and  Vicinity. 


QUESTIONS.  —  For  what  is  the  Jamestown  settlement  remarkable  ?     What  of 
Virginia  at  this  time  ?     What  was  the  first  thing  to  do  ? 


VIRGINIA    AND   THE    SOUTHERN    COLONIES.  37 


10    The  settlers  were  not  well  fitted  to     HOW  did  the 
"  rough  it  "  in  the  woods.     Most  of  them  had  along  ? 
not  been  used  to  work ;  so  when  the  provis 
ions  they  had   brought  were  used   up  they 
came    near   starving.     Many,   too,  sickened 
and  died  on  account  of  the  climate. 

1 1 .  Besides  this,  the  colony  was  very  badly     Why  was  the 

J,  J  J    colony  badly 

governed.      I  he  reason  of  this  was  because  governed  ? 
the    councillors    appointed   by  the    London 
Company  to  rule  over  the  colony  turned  out 
to  be  worthless  men. 

1 2.  There    was    one    man    among   them,    .Name  the  one 

'  wise  man. 

however,  who  was  very  wise  and  skilful,  and 
who,  by  his  good  management,  saved  the 
colony  from  ruin.  This  man  was  named 
Captain  John  Smith. 

13.  As  you  have  probably  read  of  John    Can  you  relate 

c-       •  i      •  i         i  •  i  anything  you 

bmith  in  story-books,  there  is  no  need  to  re-  may  have"  read 
peat  his  history.     You  recollect  that  he  had  John  SmShT 
passed  his  early  life  in  wild,  romantic  adven 
tures  among  the  Turks  and  in  Africa.     In 
fact,  he  had  had  just  such  an  education  as  was 
needed  to  fit  him  for  a  leader  in  the  rough 
work  of  the  wilderness. 

14.  Smith  had  been  appointed  one  of  the     Teiihowhe 

.  .  was  treated? 

councillors ;  but  the  others  became  jealous 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


What  of  the 

Indians  ? 


How  did 
Smith  manage 
them  ? 


of  him  and  stripped  him  of  his  office.  How 
ever,  when  things  went  from  bad  to  worse, 
and  the  settlers  were  on  the  brink  of  star 
vation,  they  were  glad  enough  to  have  him 
become  their  captain. 

15.  All  this  part  of  Virginia  was  at  that 
time  full  of  Indians.     They  were  suspicious 
of  the  whites  and  unfriendly  to  them.     But 
Smith  had  a  wonderful  knowledge  of  how  to 
deal  with  the  red  men.     He  made  treaties 
with  them,  and,  what  by  friendly  treatment, 
and  what  by  stratagem,  contrived  to  get  corn 
and  game  enough  to  feed  the  wretched  set 
tlers  through  their  first  winter  in  Virginia. 

1 6.  Smith  had  many  adventures  with  the 
Indians.     In  one  of  his  expeditions  he  was 
captured  and  carried  before  the  chief,  whose 
name  was   Powhatan.     You   remember  the 
story  (if  you  don't,  your  teacher  will  tell  you) 
of  how  he  was  condemned  to  die,  and  his 
head  laid  on  the  death-stone,  when  the  chief's 
daughter,    named    Pocahontas,    begged    her 
father  to  spare  his  life,  —  which  was  done ! 

17.  Captain  Smith  was  the  leading  spirit 
in  the  colony  for  its  first  two  years.     Then 
he  was  wounded  by  an  accidental  discharge 


Tell  of  his  ad 
ventures. 


When  and 
how  did  Vir 
ginia  lose 
Smith  ? 


VIRGINIA    AND    THE    SOUTHERN    COLONIES.  39 


of  gunpowder,  and  had  to  return  to  England. 
He  never  visited  Virginia  again. 

1 8.  The  first  five  years  of   Virginia  life  ,  what  of  the 

*  t  first  five  years  ? 

were  years  of  severe  trial,  and  several  times 
it  seemed  as  though  the  colony  would  have 
to  be  given  up.  But  new  settlers  arrived  ,  .How  did , 

0  *  t  things  grow  bet- 

from  England  every  spring,  and  the  people  ter? 
began  to  get  crops  of  corn,  and  women  were 
brought  over  to  become  the  wives  of  the  set 
tlers,  and  families  grew  up ;    so  at  last  Vir 
ginia  was  firmly  planted. 

INDIAN    MASSACRES. 

19.  There  were  two  terrible   Indian -mas 
sacres  in  the  early  part  of  the  history  of  Vir 
ginia.     The  first  was  in  1622,  —  fifteen  years     Give  the  date 
after  the  landing  at  Jamestown.  dian  massacre 

20.  The   crafty  chief  of  the   Indians  ar-     Teii  about  it. 
ranged  that  just  at  twelve  o'clock  of  the  same 

day  the  savages  should  fall  upon  all  the  set 
tlements  of  the  whites.  In  this  way  three  HOW  many 

J   .  were  killed  ? 

hundred  and  fifty  men,  women,  and  children 
fell  under  the  murderous  tomahawk;  and 
more  would  have  perished  if  a  friendly  Indian 
had  not  taken  the  trouble  to  go  through  the 
woods  and  \varn  some  of  the  settlements. 


4O  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


Ten  how  the        2i.    This  massacre  roused  the  English  to 

whites  revenged 

themselves.       vengeance.     They  went  in  bands  and  burned 

the  wigwams  of  the  Indians,  and  followed  the 

savages  through  the  forest,  killing  all  they 

met,  and  driving  the  rest  to  the  backwoods. 

Give  an  ac-         22.    The  Virginians  had  peace  for  twelve 

count  of  the  sec-  .  °  L 

ond  massacre,    years  after  this.     Then   the    Indians    again 

and  the  end  of  - 

the  Indian  busi-  swooped  down  on  the  scattered  settlements. 
But  this  time  the  savages  were  so  severely 
punished  that  they  at  last  saw  it  was  useless 
to  try  to  make  headway  against  the  whites ; 
so  they  did  not  trouble  them  any  more. 

ABOUT    THE    GOVERNMENT    OF   VIRGINIA. 

What  great         23.    One   of   the    greatest   blessings    that 

blessing  did  Vir-  ...  & 

ginia  get  in       came  to  Virginia  was  when  the  people  \vere 

allowed  a  share  in  making  their  own  laws. 
HOW  had  the       24.    At  first,   the  agents  of  the    London 

people  been  ' 

ruled?  Company  had  ruled  the  people,   and  often 

treated   them   in  a  very  tyrannical  manner. 

cha^nSw*16     But  after  twelve  years  (1619)  the  company 

made.  allowed  them  to  elect  certain  persons  called 

burgesses.     These  were  to  meet  and  make 

laws  for  the   inhabitants,  just  as   our   laws 

are  made  by  a  State  legislature. 

25.    The  first  Colonial  Assembly  met  at 


VIRGINIA    AND    THE    SOUTHERN    COLONIES.  41 


Jamestown    in    1619.     Thus    representative     The  date  of 

.  the  first  Assem- 

government,  that  great  privilege,  was  estab-  My. 
lished  in  Virginia. 

26.  There  was  another  important  change     when  was  an- 

.        ,  c  w.       .     .  ,      .  ,          other  change 

in  the  government  of  Virginia,  made  in  1624.  made? 
The  King  of  England  took  away  from  the     Tel1  about  if- 
London  Company  the  control  of  matters  in 
Virginia,   and  put    it  into    the    hands  of  a 
governor  appointed  by  himself.     Then  the    .what  did  vir- 

3  x/  J  ginia  now  be- 

colony  of  Virginia  became  a  royal  province,  come? 
And  it  so  continued  down  to  the  Revolution. 

GROWTH    OF   VIRGINIA. 

27.  If  the  scholar  will  count  from   1624,  .  HOW  long  was 

'  .    .  .»*  tin  Indepen- 

when     Virginia     became    a   royal  province,  dence? 
forward  to  1776,  he  will  find  that  it  was  just 
about  one  hundred  and  fifty  years  down  to 
the  Declaration  of  Independence. 

28.  During  this  long  period  Virginia  grew     what  of  the 

3  .  &  colony    all    this 

in  numbers  and  m  prosperity,  and  became  a  while? 
great  and  flourishing  colony. 

29.  Slavery  was  an  important  institution     when  was 

.     .  slavery  mtro- 

m    Virginia.     It   was    introduced    in     1620,  duced? 
when  a  Dutch  ship  brought  a  few  negroes 
to  Jamestown  and  the  planters  bought  them 
as  slaves. 


42  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


what  plant         ^o.    About  this  time  the  Virginians  began 

was  now  grown, 

and  what  effect  to  cultivate  tobacco.  I  here  was  soon  a  great 
demand  for  the  weed  in  Europe.  This 
caused  the  planters  to  buy  large  numbers 
of  negroes,  so  that  slavery  increased  very 
rapidly. 

thJuelhtVabomaS      31'    In  tnose  days  many  of  the  people  did 
slavery.  not  think  it  was  right  to  hold  slaves,  but 

there  were  so  many  negroes  that  the  Virgin 
ians  did  not  see  what  was  to  be  done  with 
them.     Slavery  lasted  for  nearly  two  hun- 
wh,enwas  it  dred  and  fifty  years,   till    it   was    abolished 

abolished?  .  J     J 

during  the  war  of  the  Rebellion. 
Can  you  ten        ~2>    Virginia  was  called  the  "  Old  Domin- 

why  Virginia  J  O 

was  called  the  ion,"  because,  during  the  civil  war  in  Eng- 

"Old  Domin-  '  '  &. 

ion "  ?  land,  between  the  Puritans  and  Cavaliers,  two 

hundred  years  ago,  when  King  Charles  was 
beheaded  and  England  was  ruled  by  Crom 
well,  the  Virginians  continued  faithful  to  the 
royal  cause. 
whywasVir-       ^ <?     Virginia   was   said    to   be  "the  best 

gmiaagood  f  .  „ 

country?  poor    man s    country    in    the    world.        1  he 

woods  were  full  of  game  and  the  waters  of 
fish,  and  the  soil  yielded  abundantly, 
what  did  the       ->A     The  people  cultivated  corn  and  tobac- 

people  raise  ?  x  . 

co  and  cotton,  and  exchanged  what  they  raised 


VIRGINIA    AND    THE    SOUTHERN    COLONIES.  43 

for  goods  from  England  and  the  West  In 
dies. 

35.  The  Virginians  were  a  very  hospitable  ViSnian°ut  the 
and  noble-hearted  people.     They  were  much 

more  free  in  their  manners  and  opinions  than    .AS  compared 
the  Puritans  of  New  England,  of  whom  we  tans. 
shall  soon  learn.     On  the  other  hand,  they 
did  not  pay  as  much  attention  to  education     Education, 
as  the  New-Englanders. 

36.  The  people  had  to  suffer  often  from  the     wl;a,J  Sa.n  y°u 

r  say  of  British 

oppression  of  their  British  rulers.     But  this  oppression? 

only  trained  them  to  a  spirit  of  liberty.    The 

result  was  that  when  the  "alarm-bell  of  the     ™fot  was  the 

Revolution "  sounded,  Virginia  was  one  of 

the  very  first  of  the  colonies  to  step  forward 

and  declare  for  independence  from  the  rule 

of  Great  Britain. 

DAUGHTER-COLONIES    OF    VIRGINIA. 

37.  Virginia  was  the  mother  of  most  of    what  was  the 
the  Southern  colonies,  —  the  hive  from  which  tween  Virginia 

i     . '  T  ,,       and  the  other 

population   went   out  to    make    new   settle-  southern  coio- 
ments  in  the  South. 

38.  MARYLAND    was  originally  a  part  of    Give  an  ac- 

.       .     .  J  count  of  the 

Virginia.     It  became   a  separate  colony  in  founding  of 

c  J  Maryland. 

1632,  when  the  country  around  Chesapeake 


44  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 

Bay  was  granted  by  the  English  King  to 
Lord  Baltimore. 

itsBetttedTwas      39*    ^  was  sett^ed  principally  by  Roman 

Catholics.     Maryland  was   the   only  colony 

in  which,   from    the   first,   the    people  were 

For  what  was  allowed  to  think  as  they  pleased  in  religious 

it   distinguished  J    *•  °g 

in  early  times  ?    matters.    The  result  was  that  it  grew  rapidly. 
Give  an  ac-         40.    CAROLINA  was    first   settled    by  emi- 

count  of  the  ears  ,...  .  -  . 

ly  history  of      grants  from  Virginia.    After  a  time  the  King 

North  Carolina.       -   -^        ,         ,  .  ,      ,  .  r  ^ 

of  England  gave  the  whole  region  of  Caro 
lina,  North  and  South,  to  a  number  of  Eng 
lish  noblemen.  The  government  then  was 
not  good,  and  the  people  were  very  glad 
when  these  colonies  were  taken  from  the 
"  Proprietaires  "  and  made  royal  provinces. 
By  whom  41.  The  Carolinas  were  rapidly  settled  by 

Hnas  settled  ?      English,  Irish,  and  Scotch,  and  by  French 
Protestants  called  Huguenots. 

42.    South  Carolina  was  the  first  place  in 

inJoducSof6  America  where  rice  was  grown.     It  was  in- 

rice-  troduced  by  a  ship-captain,  who  brought  some 

from  Madagascar.  The  rice-planters  needed 
large  numbers  of  blacks  ;  hence  slavery  grew 
greatly. 

•  Ten  about  the       A^     The  North-Carolinians  drew  most  of 

North-Caro-  ^° 

linians.  their  wealth  from  their  splendid  forests  of  pine, 


VIRGINIA    AND    THE    SOUTHERN    COLONIES. 


45 


which  produced  tar,  turpentine,  and  resin.  They  were 
an  industrious  and  moral  people.  Hence  they  prospered. 

44.  GEORGIA  was  the  last  South 
ern  colony  that  was  founded.     It 
was  the  last  founded  of  the  Thir 
teen  Colonies.    It  was  not  settled 
till  about  forty  years  before  the 
Declaration  of  Independence. 

45.  The    leader    in    founding 
Georgia  was  James  Oglethorpe, 
a  benevolent  and    noble-hearted 

man.     His   object  was  to  estab-  Jame s  Oglethorpe' 

lish  a  colony  where  oppressed  debtors  in  England  might 
find  a  refuge,  and  a  chance  to  begin  life  over  again. 
A  grant  was  obtained  from  King  George  II.,  and  the 
colony  was  named  Georgia  after  him. 


QUESTIONS.  —  What  can  you  say  of  the  founding  of  Georgia?    Who  was  the 
leader  ?    What  was  his  object  ?     Why  was  the  colony  called  Georgia? 


46 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


VIII.    NEW   ENGLAND. 


ILGRIM  FATHERS  is  the 
affectionate  name  by  which 
the  people  of  New  England 
cherish  the  memory  of  the 
brave  pioneers  who  left  their 
native  land  and  sought,  in  the 
wilds  of  America, 

"  Freedom  to  worship  God/' 

2.  The  Pilgrims  belonged 
to  a  sect  which  had  arisen 
in  England,  called  Puritans. 
These  people  did  not  like 
the  forms  of  the  Episcopal 
Church  of  England.  They  wished  for  a  much  simpler 
and  more  earnest  mode  of  worship. 

3.  It  was  by  a  Puritan  congregation  that  the  first  set 
tlement  in  New  England  was  made.  This  was  the  be 
ginning  of  the  colony  of  Massachusetts,  founded  at  Plym 
outh  in  1620. 

QUESTIONS.  —  Who  were  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  ?  To  what  sect  did  the  Pilgrims 
belong  ?  Tell  what  they  thought  about  religion.  Who  made  the  first  settlement 
in  New  England  ?  Name  the  colony. 


NEW    ENGLAND.  47 


4.  This    congregation    had    moved    from     in  what  coun 

try  had  they 

England    to    Holland,  where    its    members  been1' living? 

lived  several  years ;  but  they  did  not  like  it, 

so  they  determined  to  seek  free  homes  in  .  what  did 

J  they  resolve  on  ? 

the  unpeopled  land  beyond  the  Atlantic. 

5.  First  they  sailed  back  to  England,  and  ,  Teilwhs}* 

J  J  &  they  first  did. 

there  took  passage  in  a  little  craft  called  the 
Mayflower.     There  were  one  hundred  and  be^heirnum" 
one  persons,  —  men,  women,  and  children. 

6.  After  a  long  and  stormy  passage,  the     Describe  the 

J     r  voyage. 

frail  bark    neared  the   rock-bound  coast  of 

New  England.     Before  the  Pilgrims  landed,  ,  what  did 

&  &  they  do  before 

they  drew  up  laws  which  all  agreed  to  obey,  landing? 
They  had  to  govern  themselves,  for  they  did 
not  come  out  with  any  charter  from  the  King, 
like  the  Virginians. 

7.  The  coast  was  explored  for  some  time,  ^^[Jj  ™* 
and  finally  it  was  resolved  to  land  at  Plym-  Pilgrims  land  ? 
outh.     The  landing  was  made  December  2 1 , 

1620. 

8.  It  was  the  depth  of  a   New  England 

winter,   and   the    ground   was  covered  with     what  season 

&  .  .  was  it  ? 

snow.  You  may  believe  that  it  required 
stout  hearts — and  not  only  stout  hearts, 
but  a  lofty,  faith  —  to  enable  them  to  keep 
up  amid  their  terrible  sufferings  and  priva- 


48  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


Teii  of  then-    tions.     During  the  winter  one  half  of  their 

sufferings. 

number  sickened  and  died. 
HOW  about         n     It  was  very  fortunate  that  the   Indians 

the  Indians  ?  .  t  ,         ,  i 

did  not  trouble  them  that  season.     In  the 
spring  the  red  men  came  in  from  the  back 
country ;  but  they  behaved  in  a  very  friendly 
way. 
Give  the  story       IO.    There  was  only  one  chief,  named  Ca- 

ofCanomcus.  .  " 

nonicus,  who  was  disposed  to  be  unfriendly. 
He  sent  to  the  settlers  a  rattlesnake-skin 
wrapped  around  a  bundle  of  arrows.  Gov 
ernor  Bradford  returned  the  skin,  filled  with 
powder  and  ball,  and  Canonicus  took  the  hint. 
Did  the  set-  j  Is  After  the  first  two  or  three  years  of 

tiers  get  along          .  J 

better  by  and     trial    the    settlers    got    along   better.      I  hey 

cleared  the  woods  and  raised  crops  of  corn, 

and  they  found  abundance  of  fish  and  game. 

what  was  the       I2    The  settlement  now  received  the  name 

colony  called  ? 

of  PLYMOUTH  COLONY.    It  was  small  in  num- 
aJJ22£fi!?   bers;    but   its  success  was  very  important, 

oUCCcoS  irnpor-  *  x 

tant?  since  it  led  to  the  founding  of  a  much  larger 

settlement.     This  was 


MASSACHUSETTS    BAY  COLONY. 

who  were  the       j  ,     The  way  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony 

leaders  in  the  J  J  J 

Bay  colony?      was  started  was  very  different  from  the  Plym- 


NEW    ENGLAND.  49 


outh  Colony.  A  number  of  wealthy  Puri 
tan  gentlemen  formed  a  company  to  make  a 
settlement  in  New  England. 

14.    Kinor  Charles  I.  gave  them  a  charter,     what  did  the 

~  °  King  give  them? 

granting  them  a  large  tract  of  land,  and  se 
curing  them  the  rights  and  privileges  of  Eng 
lishmen.     This  was  in  1629.  charter  ?°fl 
i  s.    The  next  year  as  many  as  fifteen  hun-     H°w  many 

.  A  •  -T-i  Puritans  came 

dred  Puritans  came  over  to  America.      1  hey  in  1630? 
settled     around     Massachusetts     Bay,    and  th^slttfe1>d 
founded   Boston,   Dorchester,  Salem,  Lynn, 
and  other  places.     John   Winthrop,   a  wise    The  governor. 
and  good  man,  was  their  governor. 

1 6.  After  a  number  of  years  Plymouth  was     what  finally 
united  with  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony.    Both  outh  Colony  ? 
came  under  the  same  government,  and  the 

whole  was  called  Massachusetts. 

17.  We    shall   afterwards   see  something 

about   Massachusetts  history.     But  first  we     ?0™ we  are 

J  going  to  see 

must  learn  how7  the  people  began  to  spread  how  the  Pe°Ple 

T    r  i       formed  other 

out  from  Massachusetts  and  form  other  colo-  colonies. 
nies  in  New  England. 

CONNECTICUT. 

1 8.  Connecticut  was  first  settled  by  emi-     when  was 

Connecticut 

grants  from  the  Bay  colony,  in  1636.  settled? 


5O  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


who  were  j  n     The    first  band    that    went    into    the 

the  first  band  ?      r       .,  ^ 

fertile  valley  of  the  Connecticut  River  was 
headed  by  a  Puritan  pastor  named  Hooker, 
a  good  and  true  man. 
Tell  how  they       2o.    The   emigrants    made    their  way  on 

journeyed. 

foot  through  the  woods,  guided  by  the  com 
pass,  and  living  chiefly  on  the  milk  of  the 
herds  which  they  drove  before  them. 

theWseetUed?d          2I'    ^^y  settled  at  Hartford  and  Weth- 

ersfield  and  Springfield.     At  first  they  were 

under  the  protection  of  their  mother-colony, 

what  of  their  Massachusetts ;  but  they  soon  made  a  ^ov- 

government  ?  ;  J 

ernment  of  their  own. 
what  other         22.    Soon  after,  another  party  of  pioneers 

settlement  was  J  •"• 

made?  made  a  separate  settlement  at  New  Haven. 

The  name  of  111  •       i    • 

the  settlements  Subsequently  both  were  united  into  one  col- 
what?w          ony,  and  the  whole^became  Connecticut. 

RHODE    ISLAND. 

Tell  what  led      23.   The  reason  of  the  settlement  of  Rhode 

to  the  settle-  .     .  .  r      i 

ment  of  Rhode    Island  was    the    religious  strictness   01   the 

Island.  -TJ 

runtans. 

^  who  was  24.    There  was  a  minister  at  Salem  named 

Hams,  and  what  Roger  Williams,  who  besfan  to  preach  doc- 

ofhim?  ^       .  , 

tones  which  the  Puritans  thought  wrong; 
so  they  said  he  should  be  banished. 


NEW    ENGLAND.  5! 


2  ;.   Roger  Williams  went  all  alone  through     Tell  of  his 

.  •          i          i      i  r       wanderings. 

the  woods,  and  received  friendly  shelter  for 
the  winter  in  the  wigwams  of  the  Indians.  In 
the  spring  of  1636  the  Indian  chiefs  gave 
him  some  land  at  the  head  of  Narragansett 

.        /-  i      i    T-I         •  -i  What  place 

Bay.     Here  he  founded  Providence.  did  he  found? 

26.    Soon    after,    a    party    of    Williams's     what  other 

1         J  settlement  was 

friends  moved  to   Rhode   Island.     The  two  made,  and  what 

.  were  the  two 

settlements  were  afterwards  united,  and  thus  named? 
was  founded  the  colony  of  Rhode  Island. 

2  7.   Maine  and  New  Hampshire  were  thinly   0^at0cfan 
settled  soon  after  the  landing  of  the  Pilgrims.  Maine  and  New 

,       .   ,      .  Hampshire? 

During  a  good  part  of  colonial  times  they 
were  under  the  same  government  with  Mas 
sachusetts,  and  most  of  their  people  came 
from  there. 

NEW   ENGLAND    LIFE    AND    GROWTH. 

28.    The  cause  of  the  settlement  of  Vir-  ^^^^ 
o-inia  was  commercial  adventure.     The  cause  Virginia  and  of 

^ew  England. 

of  the  settlement  of  New  England  was  the 
desire  for  religious  freedom. 

20.    The    Puritans   were    people    of  very     what  can 

.  .       .  .  you  say  of  the 

strict  principles.     They  thought  their  whole  Puritans  ? 
life  and  government  should  be  regulated  by 
the  Bible. 


52  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


What  did  30.    This   fact  gave,  rise  to  many  regula- 

their  belief  lead     .    °  ,  . 

to?  tions    and   customs  which   we    should   now 

consider    ridiculous    or    repulsive.     On    the 

what  was  the  other  hand,  the  Puritans  had  wonderful  hero- 
grand  side  of       . 
Puritanism?       ism  and  were  always  governed  by  a  sense  of 

duty. 
Did  they  y  t    But  this  sense  of  duty  sometimes  took 

sometimes  mis 

understand         a  wrong  direction.      Thus  an  offence  against 

their  duty?  ,.     •  •    ., 

HOW  was  an    religion  was  treated  as  a  civil  crime. 

32-    Several  bad  results  followed  from  this. 


Give  an  ex-     For  example,  they  persecuted  the  Quakers. 

ample  of  this  in  ,  . 

their  treatment    In    1656,   they   passed   a  law  against  these 

people,  and  afterwards  hanged  several  for  no 

offence  at  all.     Later  (1692),  a  strange  delu- 

Teii  about  the  siOn  about  witchcraft  broke  out,  and  a  large 

witchcraft  delu 

sion.  number  of    persons  were  executed   because 

they  were    supposed  to  be    possessed    with 
devils. 

33.    With  the  Indians,  the  people  of  New 

England  had  many    sa\-age    contests.     The 

Name  the  two  two  greatest  of  the  early  Indian  fights  were 

great  Indian          ,1       ,,  T»  »          i   ,,  17  •  -m  •!*    '  " 

wars.  the  "  Pequot  war     and  "  King  Philip  s  war. 

Give  an  ac-         ~.     The  Pequot  war  was  waged  in  Con- 
count  of  the  n  c 

Pequot  war.       necticut  the  very  first  year  after  the  settle 

ment  (1637).      The  matter   was    finally  de 
cided  in  this  way  :    a  band  of  armed  whites 


NEW    ENGLAND.  53 


surprised  the  Indians  inside  of  a  palisade, 
and  burned  their  wigwams  ;  nearly  the  whole 
tribe  perished  in  the  flames. 

?v    Kin£    Philip's   war   broke   out  about  .  . 

^^  ip  s  war. 

fifty  years  after  the  settlement  of  Massachu 
setts  (1675).  It  began  in  Massachusetts; 
but  finally  extended  to  nearly  all  the  set 
tlements  in  New  England,  and  lasted  over 
a  year. 

16.    The  principal  fight,  called  the  "  Swamp     Xame  the 

0     ^  r  r          &  r   main  fight,  and 

fight,"  took  place  in  Rhode  Island.     The  In-  give  the  result. 
dians  were   completely  defeated,  and    King 
Philip,  the  crafty  and  intrepid  Indian  leader, 
was   soon   afterwards    killed.      Six    hundred 
whites  perished  during  the  war. 

37.  New  England    suffered   from    Indian  XTwll?n  ?"* 

0  .  New  England 

attacks  long  after  this.     Especially  was  this  suffer  again 

,  ,    '  .  .  from  Indians  ? 

the  case  during  three  wars  which  the  English 
colonists,  assisted  by  British  forces,  carried 
on-  against  the  French  in  Canada. 

38.  In  these- wars  the  Indian  allies  of  the     what  was  the 

way  the  Indians 

French  would  swoop  down  on  the  scattered  attacked  ? 
New    England  settlements,    and    tomahawk 
men,  women,  and  children,  or  carry  them  off 
into  captivity 

39.  Their   manner  of  warfare    was    very 


54 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


Give  in  your 
own  language 
their  mode  of 
warfare. 


Relate  the 
story  of  Mrs. 
Dustin. 


When  were 
New  England's 
darkest  days  ? 


stealthy.  "  Children,  as  they  gamboled  on 
the  beach  ;  reapers,  as  they  gathered  the  har 
vest  ;  mowers,  as  they  rested  from  using  the 
scythe ;  mothers,  as  they  busied  themselves 
about  the  household,  —  were  victims  to  an 
enemy  who  disappeared  the  moment  the  blow 
was  struck,  and  who  were  ever  present  when 
a  garrison  or  a  family  ceased  its  vigilance." 

40.  Once  a  brave  woman  took  terrible  ven 
geance  on  the  savages.     Hannah  Dustin,  of 
Haverhill,  Massachusetts,  with  her  nurse  and 
a  boy,  were  carried  off  to  an  island  in  the 
Merrimack.     The  boy  said  one  day  to  his 
Indian  master,  "  Where  would  you  strike  to 
kill  instantly?"     The  Indian  told  him  where 
and  how  to  scalp.     Next  night  Mrs.  Dustin, 
the  nurse,  and  the  boy  rose  secretly  \vhile  the 
savages  were  asleep.     There  were  twelve  of 
them  in  the  wigwam.     Arming  themselves 
with   the   tomahawks  of   the    Indians,   they 
killed  ten  of  the  twelve  (leaving  only  a  squaw 
and  a  boy),  and,  after  long  wandering  through 
the  woods,  reached  their  home  in  safety. 

41.  The  darkest  days  for  New  England 
were  when  one  of  the  English  kings,  named 
James  the  Second,  took  away  their  charters. 


NEW    ENGLAND.  55 


These^charters,  you  must  know,  were  of  great     Why  did  the 

>  people  cherish 

importance ;    they    had    been    given   to  the  their  charters  ? 
colonies  by  former   kings,  and    insured  the 
colonists  many  privileges,  and  especially  the 
privilege  of  governing  themselves  and  mak 
ing  their  own  laws. 

42.  Now,  in   1686,  King  Tames,  who  did  T  what  of  King 

o    J      ^       '  t       James  and  the 

not  wish  any  free  government  in  his  domin-  -tyrant  he  sent 

•      11  i    •      1  out? 

ion,  determined  to  take  away  their  charters. 

He  sent  over  a  mean  tyrant,  named  Andros, 
to  do  this,  and  gave  him  power  to  rule  over 
the  people.  •  Andros  behaved  in  a  very  op 
pressive  way,  and  made  the  people  exceed 
ingly  unhappy. 

43.  There  was  one  time,  though,  when  ^S 
he  was  finely  checkmated.     He  had   com-  render  its 

J  ter  ? 

manded  the  people  of  Connecticut  to  surren 
der  their  charter ;  but  they  would  not  obey. 
He  then  went  to  Hartford  to  seize  the  char 
ter,  but  while  he  was  in  the  room  the  lights 
were  suddenly  put  out,  and  the  precious  doc 
ument  was  spirited  away  by  Captain  Wads- 
worth  and  hid  in  a  tree,  known  as  the  famous  Ten  about 

f^,  f^    ,  the  Charter 

Charter  Oak.  Oak. 

44.  Fortunately  the  rule  of  Andros  lasted     Hovy  waf  the 

J  0  rule  of  Andros 

only  two  or  three  years  ;  for  his  royal  master  ended  ? 


56 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


Were  the  nb- 

ernes  restored  ? 


For  what 

were  the  people 

distinguished? 


better  ? 


cation  ?*  °f  edu" 


In  Connec 
ticut. 


what  does 

our  country  owe 

toNewEng- 


died,  and  a  better  monarch,  King  William, 
came  to  the  throne.  Then  the  liberties  of 
New  England  were,  in  a  good  measure,  re 
stored;  and  the  Charter  Oak  yielded  its 
faded  but  precious  treasure. 

45-     The    New-Englanders    were    distin- 

7  . 

guished  for  their  industry,  their  thrift,  and 
t^r  &ooc*  morals-  After  a  time  they  were 
much  less  strict  about  little  things  than  they 
were  at  first  The  exclusive,  persecuting, 
and  unkind  spirit  of  the  early  Puritans 
passed  away. 

^'  They  were  great  lovers  of  education. 
They  took  care  to  establish  good  schools. 
In  Massachusetts,  Harvard  College  was 
founded  in  the  early  days.  In  Connecticut, 
Yale  College  was  established  soon  after. 
Thus  the  young  people  grew  up  with  knowl 
edge  and  intelligence,  and  education  bred  in 
them  the  love  of  liberty. 

47>    Qur  COUntry  owes  a  great  deal  to  New 

~*  J  & 

England.  Her  hardy  sons  in  after  days  be 
gan  to  spread  out  and  people  the  Western 
wilderness,  carrying  with  them  steady  habits, 
intelligence,  enterprise,  and  the  love  of  free 
government. 


NEW    YORK    AND    THE    MIDDLE    COLONIES. 


57 


IX.  NEW  YORK  AND  THE  MIDDLE  COLONIES. 


MAILING    alone   the    American 


coast  in  a  little  craft  called  the 
"  Half  Moon,"  a  sea-captain 
named  Henry  Hudson  entered 
the  Narrows,  and  dropped  an- 
;  chor  in  the  magnificent  bay 
now  called  the  Harbor  of  New 

York.     This  was  in  1609,  two  years  after  the  settlement 

of  Jamestown. 

2.  After  a  short  stay,  he  sailed  up  the  beautiful  river 
Hudson,  which   he  was  the  first  to  discover,  and  which 
is  named  after  him. 

3.  Hudson  was  an  Englishman ;  but  at  this  time  he 
was  in  the  employ  of  the  government  of  Holland,  or,  as 


QUESTIONS.  —  Tell  of  the  voyage  of  Hudson.     What  river  did  he  discover  ? 
Who  was  Hudson,  and  by  whom  was  he  employed  ? 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


What  did  the 
Dutch  claim  ? 


Name  of  the 
colony  ? 

Where  and 
when  was  the 
first  settlement 
made  ? 


What  did  they 
pay  for  Manhat 
tan  Island  ? 


.  Name  of  the 
Dutch  town  ? 


Tell  about 
the  growth  of 
the  colony. 


What  place 
up  the  river  was 
founded  ? 


it  was  called,  the  Dutch  Republic.  Hence  the 
Dutch  claimed  a  right  to  the  whole  country 
lying  midway  between  New  England  and  Vir 
ginia.  They  named  the  region  New  Neth 
erlands. 

4.  Some    years    after   this,    in    1623,   the 
Dutch  "  West  India  Company  "  sent  out  a 
number  of  agents  and  settlers  to  locate  on 
the  island  of  Manhattan,  or  New  York  Isl 
and.     They  bought  the  whole  island  from 
the  Indians  for  about  twenty-five  dollars,  and 
here  they  erected  a  few  rude  hovels,  which 
were  the  beginning  of  the  great  city  of  New 
York,  the  commercial  metropolis  of  our  coun 
try.     They  called  their  town  New  Amster 
dam. 

5.  Many  Hollanders  now  began  to  emi 
grate  to  the   Dutch  colony.     New  Amster 
dam  became  quite  a  trading-port.     Far  up 
the  river  they  founded  another  trading-port 
called  Fort  Orange,  and  this  was  the  begin 
ning  of  Albany.     Besides  the  Dutch  there 
came     many     New-Englanders,     and     also 
French    Huguenots    and    Waldenses    from 
Italy. 

6.  The  Dutch  ruled  New  Netherlands  for 


NEW    YORK    AND    THE    MIDDLE    COLONIES.  59 


about  forty  years.     After  this  the   English     HOW  long 

was  the  Dutch 

tOOK  it.  rule,  and  who 

-r>.       .  ,   .  •      -I        i  /-  ended  it  ? 

7.    During   this    period    there    were    four     HOW  man 


the 


Dutch  governors.     The   last  of  them    was 

named   Stuyvesant    \_sti  ves-ant\.     He  did  a 

great  deal  for  the  good  of  the  colony;  but  las^hatofthe 

at  the  same  time  he  was  a  stubborn,  cross- 

grained  old  Knickerbocker,  and  did  not  be 

lieve  in  allowing  the  people  any  freedom. 

8.    This  was  very  bad  policy  ;  for  when  an  "  this 

English  fleet  came  along  to  seize  New  Am 
sterdam,  the  people  did  not  care  to  make 
any  resistance. 

o.    Let  us  now  see  how  the  English  came  ~  ^hy  did 

O  English  king 

to  seize  the    Dutch  colony.     The    English  giye  his  brother 

this  region  ? 

king,  Charles  II.,  said  that  the  whole  country 
belonged  to  England  ;  so  he  gave  his  brother, 
the  Duke  of  York,  the  entire  region  possessed 
by  the  Dutch,  and  told  him  to  take  it. 

10.  In  1664,  the  Duke  of  York  sent  out 
a  fleet  to  secure  his  colony.  When  the  ships 
appeared,  the  old  Dutch  governor,  Stuyves-  flee 
ant,  was  furious  at  the  people  for  not  resist 
ing.  He  would  not  sign  the  articles  of  sur 
render  till  the  town  was  actually  in  the  hands 
of  the  English. 


60  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


\\hatwasthe       n.    Thus  you  see  New   Netherlands  be- 

colony  now  J 

called?  came   an    English    colony.      Its    name    was 

changed  to  New  York. 

t0 


Yorkers  have     tion,   the   New-Yorkers    had   a  great   many 

disputes  ?  * 

disputes  with  the  governors  sent  out  by  the 
Did  New       English  kings.     But  the  misrule  of  the  gov- 

\  ork  grow  in  & 

spite  of  misrule?  eniors  could  not  hinder  New  York  from 
becoming  a  great,  wealthy,  and  populous 
colony.  The  tyranny  of  the  British  only 
educated  the  people  to  a  spirit  of  indepen 
dence. 

NEW   JERSEY. 

what  was  the       z  •*     The  soil  of  New   Jersey  formed  part 

soil  of  New  Jer-  f  .  J  J      .  r 

sey?  of  the  possessions  which  were  given  to  the 

when  did  it    Duke  of  York.     It  became  a  separate  Eng- 

become  an  Eng-  ...  ,  .  .  .  .  T 

Hsh  colony?  lish  colony  about  the  same  time  as  New 
York. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Meaning  of  ^  The  name  Pennsylvania  means  the 
syivania?  Woodland  of  Penn.  This  noble  man,  Wil- 

Penn?  Ham  Penn,  was  a  member  of  the  society  of 

Friends,  or  Quakers. 

HOW  did  it          jr.    Now  the  King  of  England  had  owed 

happen  that  he  ^ 

got  his  land  ?      Penn's   father,  who  was  an   admiral  in  the 


NEW    YORK    AND    THE    MIDDLE    COLONIES.  6 1 

British  navy,  a  large  sum  of  money.  The 
son  agreed  to  take  as  payment  a  large  tract 
of  land  lying  between  New  Jersey  and 
Maryland.  This  received  the  name  of  Penn 
sylvania. 

1 6.  Penn's  idea  in  doino:  this  was  to  pro-     what  was 

,°  Penn's  idea  ? 

vide  free  homes  in  America  for  all  those  of 
his  Quaker  brethren  who  wished  to  emigrate 
to  a  land  where  they  might  have  their  own 
mode  of  religious  worship. 

17.  A  large  number  immediately  crossed  SG™sof  the 
the  Atlantic,  and,  in  1682,  Penn  himself  came     when  did 
to  the  colony  with  two  thousand  settlers. 

1 8.  The  peace-loving  founder  of  Pennsyl-  penn  wish1? 
vania  was  very  anxious  that  his  people  should 

be  good  friends  with  the  Indians.     He  met     The  treaty- 
the   native  chiefs  in  a  council,  and  made  a 
treaty  with  them.     The    Indians  loved  and 
venerated  the  gentle-hearted  Quaker,  and  the  indiaM*iove 
highest  praise  they  could  give  a  white  man  fc 
was  to  say  he  resembled  "  Onas,"  —  the  name 
by  which    the    Indians    called    Penn.     The 
Friends  never  had  any  trouble  with  the  red 
man. 

19.  Soon  after,  Penn  laid  out  the  city  of 
Philadelphia,  which  means  brotherly  love. 


62 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


He  then  returned  to  England ;  but  he  continued  to 
take  a  great  interest  in  his  colony.  His  heirs  were  the 
"  proprietors  "  of  Pennsylvania  clown  to  the  Revolution. 

20.  Delaware  was  originally  a  part  of  the  grants  made 
to  Penn.  It  subsequently  split  off  from  Pennsylvania; 
but  the  two  provinces  were  under  the  same  governor 
down  to  the  end  of  colonial  times. 


QUESTIONS.  —  What  of  Perm's  heirs  ?     Tell  about  the  founding  of  Delaware. 


Seal  of  Pennsylvania. 


%      I 


The  Plains  of  Abraham. 

X.    THE   STRUGGLE  WITH  FRANCE. 


i.    WHILE    our    country    still    be 
longed  to  England,  it  had  to  carry  on 
a  severe  struggle  with  the  French  in 
America.     We  must  remember  that 
about   the     same    time    the    English 
were  making  settlements  in  Virginia 
and  New  England,  the  French  were 
settling  the  Northern  country, 
-that  is,  along  the  gulf   and 
river  of  St.  Lawrence.     They 
founded  Quebec  (1608)  and 
Montreal.      Gradually  they 


64  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 

Teiuboutthe  stretched    westward    along   the    great   lakes 

French  settle-  .  .  .  ,        .      r 

ments  on  the  St.  with  their  trading-posts  and  mission-stations. 

Lawrence  and      „  _  T  r  /      r~i 

west.  rather  Marquette    \_mar-£et  J,   in    company 

with  a  fur-trader  named  Joliet,  discovered 
the  Mississippi,  near  its  source,  ten  years 
before  La  Salle  [saf]  sailed  down  that  great 
river  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  1682.  New 
Orleans  was  founded  soon  after, 
what  did  2.  Finally  the  French  claimed  all  the 

they  at  last  »«••••'• 

claim?  country  watered  by  the  Mississippi  and  its 

what  did       tributaries.     Then    they    besran    to   connect 

they  now  begin  . J  "\ 

to  do  ?  the  New  Orleans  region  (called  Louisiana) 

with  Canada  by  a  chain  of  forts.  In  this 

Their  object  ?  way  they  tried  to  confine  the  English  to  the 
narrow  strip  of  settlement  along  the  Atlantic 
coast. 

or  the  early         ?     jn  the  early  times,  there  were  several 

wars  with  the  J 

French.  wars  between  the  English  and  French  set 

tlers.     The  English   would    invade   Canada 
and  Acadia,  and  the  French,  aided  by  their 
Indian   allies,  would  sweep  down   on   New 
England  and  New7  York, 
what  brought      4>    These  contests  arose   out  of  quarrels 

on  these  con 
tests  ?  in  Europe  between  the  kings  of  France  and 

England,  and  did  not  really  have  much  to 
do  with  America. 


THE    STRUGGLE    WITH    FRANCE.  65 

5.  ,  But    about   twenty    years   before   the     when  did  the 

*       J  grand  trial 

American    Revolution  there  came  a  grand  come? 
trial  of  strength.     It  is  called  the  "  French 
and  Indian  War.''     It  began  in   1755,  lasted  ratf0anteofatnhdedu" 
eight  years,  and  ended  in  1763.  French  war. 

6.  This  contest   is  of    great   importance     why  this  war 

1  was  important. 

because  it  decided  that  our  country  should  be 
long  to  the  English,  and  not  to  the  French. 

7.  The  war   began    by  some    Virginians  wa^w  ^  the 
establishing  themselves  on  the  Ohio  River, 

where  they  had  bought  a  large  tract  of  land, 
and  meant  to  trade  with  the  Indians. 

8.  The  French  pretended  that   this  part  Fr.what  did  the 
of  the  country  belonged  to  them.     Virginia  tend  ? 

said  it  was  her  soil. 

Q.    Suddenly     French    soldiers    marched     Tel1  the  hos- 

J  tile  movement 

down   from   Canada  to   where  the   English  of  the  French. 
had  settled  on  the  Ohio,  and  carried  off  some 
of  the  traders  prisoners.     This  was  in  1753. 


10.    When  this  was  done,  the   Governor     w^t  did 

Dmwiddie  re- 

of  Virginia  determined  to  send  a  messenger  solve  on  ? 
to  the  French  commander,  asking  him  what 
he  meant,  and  telling  him  to  march  his  sol 
diers  away. 

1  1  .    The  messenger  chosen  by  Governor     who  was_  the 

o  ...  messenger  ? 

Dinwiddie    was  a  young    Virginian    named 


66 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


Speak  of  the 
character  of 
Washington. 


George  Washington,  —  the  same  great  man 
who  was  afterwards  the  leader  of  our  fore 
fathers  in  their  struggle  for  independence. 

1 2.  Washington  was  then  only  twenty-one 
years  old ;  but  he  was  even  then  remarkable 
for  his  wisdom,  dignity,  and  courage.     He 
had  educated  himself  as  a  land-surveyor,  and 
had  learned  skill  and  patience  and  self-reli 
ance.     He   had  also  been  an  officer  in  the 
Virginia   militia.     Hence    he  was    just  the 
man  to  go  on  this  difficult  and  dangerous 
mission. 

13.  Accompanied  by  two  or  three  attend 
ants,  Washington  made  his  way  through  the 
unbroken  wilderness,  till  at  last  he  reached 
the   French  head-quarters  and  delivered  to 
the  commander  a  letter  from  the  Governor 
of  Virginia.     The  French  officer  refused  to 
leave    the   country,    and   with   this    answer 
Washington  set  out  to  return. 

14.  The    horses    which    the    party   had 
brought  with  them  had  given  out,  so  there 
was    nothing  for  it  but  to  return  on  foot. 
The  day  after  Christmas,  Washington,  wrap 
ping  himself  up  in  an  Indian  dress,  with  gun 
in  hand  and  pack  on  his  back,  took  through 


Tell  about 
his  journey. 


What  did  the 
French  officer 
say  ? 


Give  an  ac 
count  of  the 
return. 


THE    STRUGGLE    WITH    FRANCE.  67 

the  woods  by  the  nearest  way  to  the  forks  of 
the  Ohio.      He  had  but  one  companion. 

15.  It  was  a  perilous  journey.     In  passing     ™°™  °f 


f  the 
through  the  forest,  an  Indian,  lying  in  wait  journey. 

for  him,  shot  at  him,  but  missed  his  aim. 
When  they  got  to  the  Alleghany  River  they 
spent  a  whole  day  making  a  raft,  which  they 
launched.  Before  they  were  half  over  the 
stream,  they  were  caught  in  the  running  ice, 
and  could  not  reach  either  shore.  Putting 
out  a  pole  to  stop  the  raft,  Washington  was 
jerked  into  the  deep  water  and  saved  himself 
only  by  grasping  at  the  raft-logs.  Finally 
they  managed  to  reach  an  island,  where  they 
stayed  all  night,  and  in  the  morning  the  river 
had  frozen  over  ;  so  they  got  across. 

1  6.    When  Governor  Dinwiddie  received  ^. 

-Uinwiudie  now 

the  message  brought  back  by  Washington,  do? 
he  raised  four  hundred  troops,  and  sent  them 
under  Washington  against  the  French  on  the 
Ohio. 

1  7.    The  French  had  built  a  fort  named  ,  where  were 

*•  *  the  French  for- 

Fort  Du  Quesne  [kane],  at  the  very  spotted? 
where  the    city  of   Pittsburg  now  is.     The 
little    army   of    Washington    made    a    long, 
wearisome  march   towards   this  place.     Be-  the  fight 


68  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


fore  they  got  to  it,  however,  they  were  met 

by  a  party  of  French  at  a  place  called  Great 

Meadows.     Washington  whipped  this  party. 

what  after-         jg.    Afterwards    the    main    body   of    the 

wards  took  ^  J 

place?  French    came    down    on    the    little    force. 

Washington  made  a  very  gallant  fight,  but 
was  forced  to  surrender.     However,  he  was 
allowed  to  retire  his  force  with  the  "  honors 
of  war." 
The  British         jn     The    English    government   now   saw 

now  saw  what  ? 

that  it  was  necessary  to  come  in  and  help 
the  colonists  conquer  the  French.     Accord- 


Name  the       inorly  the  next  year  (176;),  General  Braddock, 

English  gen-  p  "  :          .   . 

erai.  with  a  force  of  British  regulars,  was  sent  out 

to  America. 
as  his       2CX    The  first  tllin     Bra<3dock  did  was  to 


what  of        march  on  Fort  Du  Quesne.     Braddock  did 

Braddock's  , 

ignorance?        not  know  anything  about  the  stratagems  of 

the  Indians,  who  made  up  a  large  part  of  the 

Andobsti-      French  force.     He  was,  also,  too  obstinate 

nacy  ? 

to  mind  the  advice  of  Washington,  who  was 
with  him  as  an  aide-de-camp. 
what  hap-          21.    The  result  was  that  the  British  force 

pened  in  conse 

quence  ?  was  suddenly  ambushed  by  the  Indians  and 

French,  who  fired,  unseen,  from  behind  trees 

The  regulars,  and  rocks.     The  British  regulars,  not  being 


THE    STRUGGLE    WITH    FRANCE.  69 

used'  to  this  kind  of  warfare,  were  routed. 
Braddock  was  killed.     It  was  only  by  Wash-     ^-addock  ? 
ington's  coolness  that  the  troops  were  able  co^naesshsington>s 
to  retreat  and  reach  Philadelphia. 

22.  The   British  now  saw  that   it  would 
require  very  hard  fighting  to  beat  the  French, 
so  they  sent  over  a  large  army.     There  was 

a  great  deal  of  fighting  for  the  next  two  or  p^the^eS* 
three  years.     Sometimes  one  side  was  sue- two  or  three 

J  years. 

cessful,  and  sometimes  the  other. 

23.  But  the  war  was  not  well  carried  on  ^^^j^ 
till    the    great   English    statesman,    William  on? 

Pitt,  took  charge  of  it.     This  was  in   1759. 

The  most  decisive  event  of  the  war  was  the     Nf"?e  .th.e 

most  decisive 

capture   of  Quebec,    on    the   St.    Lawrence  event. 
River. 

24.  The  French  looked  upon  Quebec  as  o 
one  of  the    strongest  places    in   the   world. 
The  citadel  was  built  upon  a  high  rock,  so 
steep  that  no  enemy  could  climb  it.     It  was 
defended  by  a  great  many  large  cannon,  and 
by  a  powerful  French  garrison,  commanded  er. 
by  General  Montcalm. 

25.  The  force  to  take   Quebec  was  put     Beginning  of 

the  expedition. 

under  a  brave  young  English  general  named 
Wolfe.     It  consisted  of  Americans  and  Reg- 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


ulars,    and    sailed    from    Halifax  to  the   St. 
Lawrence. 
Were  Wolfe's       26.    Wolfe   began   by    trying   various  un- 

first  attempts  ,   ,        .  1^1 

successful?       successful  plans  to  take  Quebec. 

27.    At  last  he  hit  upon  a  plan  so  bold 
that  the  French  never  dreamed  of  it.     He 


What  bold 
plan  did  he 
think  of  ? 


Tell  how  it 
was  done. 


Operations  around  Quebec. 

found  that  there  was  a  place  above  Quebec 
where  his  troops  might  climb  up  the  steep 
to  the  Plains  of  Abraham  in  rear  of  the  city. 
28.  Accordingly  he  had  the  ships  sail  up 
the  St.  Lawrence ;  then  at  night  the  troops 
dropped  silently  down  stream  in  boats,  to  the 
spot  selected  and  known  as  Wolfe's  Cove 


THE    STRUGGLE    WITH    FRANCE.  71 

(see- map).  In  the  dark  hours  the  soldiers 
scaled  the  precipice,  unbeknown  to  the  ene 
my.  The  morning  light  revealed  to  Mont-  Morning 

J  .  .  showed  what  ? 

calm  the  whole  British  force  drawn  up  in 
battle  array  on  the  plain.  (Picture,  p.  63.) 

29.  As  quickly  as   possible,   the   French  lin^Jfet^  £at- 
commander  went  out  to  meet  the  English.  tle- 

The  battle  began  at  ten  o'clock,  September 
T3>  T759-  It  was  fought  with  great  bravery 
on  both  sides ;  but  the  solid  charges  of  the 
British  grenadiers  broke  the  ranks  of  the 
French,  who  finally  gave  way. 

30.  General  Wolfe  was  mortally  wounded.  w^th  of 
While  he  lay  on  the  ground  he  heard  some 

one  say,  "  They  fly."    "  Who  fly  ?  "  asked  the 

dying  hero.     "  The  French,"  was  the  answer. 

"  Then,"  said  he,  "  I  die  in  peace."     Mont-     or  Montcaim. 

calm  also  was  fatally  wounded. 

31.  The  capture  of  Quebec  showed  the  ^^ capture 
French  they  could  not  stand  against  the  Eng-  showed  what? 
lish.     The  war  was  closed  by  the  Treaty  of  th™*™^d  ? 
Paris,  which  was  signed  in  1763,  and  France     Ten  what 

France  gave  up. 

surrendered  to  the  English  all  her  American 
possessions.  The  long  struggle  decided 
that  English  men  and  English  laws  should 
rule  America. 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


XL    A    REVIEW   LESSON. 


1.  We  have  just  finished  what  period  of 
our  country's  history  ? 

The  period  of  the  colonies. 

2.  What  time  does  this  period  cover  ? 

From  the  founding  of  the  first  col 
ony  at  Jamestown,  in  1607,  and  at 
Plymouth,  in  1620,  down  to  the 
breaking  out  of  the  Revolutionary 
War  and  the  Declaration  of  Inde 
pendence,  1775-76. 

3.  What  were  the  two  mother-colonies  ? 
Virginia  and  Massachusetts. 

4.  Why  do  we  call  these  mother-colo 
nies  ? 

Because  most  of  the  other  colonies 
were  daughters,  or  offshoots,  from 
these.  It  was  from  Virginia  that 
most  of  the  South  was  colonized.  It 
was  from  Massachusetts  that  people 
spread  out  all  over  New  England. 

5.  What  other  colonies  were  there  be 
sides  the  Southern  and  New  England  col 
onies  ? 

The  middle  colonies,  including 
New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Dela 
ware. 

6.  What  can  you  say  of  New  York  and 
New  Jersey  ? 


They  originally  belonged  to  the 
Dutch,  and  were  called  New  Neth 
erlands. 

7.  When  did  that  region  fall  into  the 
hands  of  the  English  ? 

In  1664,  when  the  Duke  of  York 
sent  out  a  fleet  and  compelled  the 
Dutch  authorities  to  surrender.  Then 
began  the  two  colonies  of  New  York 
and  New  Jersey. 

8.  How  did  Pennsylvania  come  to  be 
founded  ? 

The  territory  of  Pennsylvania  was 
granted  to  William  Penn,  who  in 
1682  founded  a  settlement  of  English 
Quakers. 

9.  Under  whose  rule  were  all  these  colo 
nies  ? 

Under  the  rule  of  Great  Britain, 
and  governed  by  British  governors. 

10.  What  was  the  French  and  Indian 

War? 

A  struggle  to  determine  whether 
the  French  or  the  English  should 
govern  America.  It  ended  in  favor 
of  the  English,  and  was  closed  by  a 
treaty  of  peace  signed  at  Paris  in 
1763. 


Fight  at  the  Liberty-pole,  New  York 

PART    II. 


THE    AMERICAN    REVOLUTION. 


I.  WHY  THE  COLONIES  REVOLTED. 


1.  IT  is  now  one  hundred  years  since  our  forefathers 
rose  up  against  British  oppression,  and  after  a  struggle  of 
seven  long  years  won  the  independence  of  our  country. 

2.  A  century  has  gone  by,  and  those  who  fought  that 
good  fight  have  passed  away  — 


74  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


"  Their  bones  are  dust, 
Their  good  swords  rust, 
Their  souls  are  with  the  saints,  we  trust  "  ; 

our  hearts  must  ever  beat  with  pa- 
dear  to  us  ?       triotic    emotion    at    the    words    "  American 
Revolution,"    because    it   was    through    the 
sufferings  and  sacrifices  of  that  struggle  that 
our  country  became  the  UNITED  STATES. 


what  was  -?     jn  the  countries  of  Europe  from  which 

said  about  gov-  "-  t  L 

emment  in  the    the  settlers  of  America  came,  it  was  said  that 

old  country  ? 

the  people  could  not  govern  themselves,  and 
that  kings  had  a  "  divine  right  "  to  rule  over 
them.  But  when  our  forefathers  came  to 
America  they  had  to  govern  themselves. 

forefathere^d?  Well»  VeiT  SOOn    they  f°Ulld    that    ^^    COuld 

make  better  laws  than  the  King  could  make 
for  them.  Thus  there  was  independence  in 
the  very  air  of  America. 

cauIeo'fTlS  r^         4"     This  was    the    de6P   CaUSe  °f  the    reVOlt 

volt?  of  the  colonies:    Providence    designed   that 

on  this  continent  should  be  seen  an  example 
of  democratic  government,  which  means  gov 
ernment  "  of  the  people,  for.  the  people,  by 
the  people." 
What  other         ^     gut  besides  this  deep  cause,  there  was 

reason  was  <J  f 

there?  another  reason  why  the  Americans  revolted. 

They  said    they  would  not  submit  to  cer- 


WHY    THE    COLONIES    REVOLTED.  75 

tain  'unjust  laws  made  by  the  English.  The 
British  government  claimed  that  the  struggle 
with  France  had  cost  a  great  deal  of  money,  emment 

&  .  J '  claimed  ? 

and  that  the  colonists  should  pay  this  back. 

6.  The  British  rulers,  so  as  to  get  money 
out  of  the  people  of  the  colonies,  passed  a 
law  that  no  writing,  such  as  a  note  or  bond 
or  deed,  should  be  considered  good  in  the 
courts  unless  it  was  written  on  paper  that 
was  stamped.     The  stamped  paper  had  to 
be  bought  at  a  good  deal  of  cost,  and  this 

law  was  called  the  "  Stamp  Act."  la*?ame  of  this 

7.  In  our  own  times,  the  notes  and  bills     What  is  .the 

'  reason  we  do 

and  deeds  we  draw  up  have  to  be  stamped  not  °bJect  to 

11-1  /  this  sort  of  tax  ? 

also,     but   we   made    this  law    ourselves,  — 

that  is,  the  law  was  made  for  the  public 
good,  by  members  of  Congress,  or  represen 
tatives,  whom  we  elected. 

8.  The  people  of  the  colonies  did  not  ob- 

ject  to  pay  taxes,  but  they  claimed  —  do  you  object  to? 
not  think  very  rightly  ?  —  that  they  should 
not  be  taxed  without  their  consent.  As  the 
British  government  would  not  allow  the 
American  colonists  to  have  any  voice  in 

r>      T  ^  i        •    ,  •  i     ,1  .•  What  did  they 

r  arhament,  the  colonists  said  that  taxation  say  taxation 
was  against  all  the  principles  of  liberty. 


76 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


9.  The  Stamp  Act  was  passed  in  1  765.  The  colonists 
thought  it  was  a  mean  trick,  intended  to  make  them  pay 
taxes  whether  they  would  or  not.  Hence  they  deter 
mined  that  they  wrould  not  use  the  stamps  at  all.  Pub 
lic  meetings  w-ere  held  all  over  the  country  ;  the  King's 
officers  who  were  to  sell  the  stamps  were  hung  in  effigy, 
and  public  processions  such  as  that  pictured  on  this 
were  got  up  to  show  the  indignation  of  the  people. 


QUESTIONS.  —  When  was  the   Stamp  Act  passed  ?    What  did  the    colonists 
think  of  it  ?     How  did  the  people  behave  ? 


WHY    THE    COLONIES    REVOLTED.  77 


10.  The  result  was  that  when  the  British     what  was  the 
government  saw  the  terrible  storm  which  the 

Stamp  Act  had  raised  in  America,  they  had 
sense  enough  to  do  away  with  it. 

11.  But  the  British  government  did  not     Didthegov- 

0  .  ernment  give  up 

give  up  the  right  to  tax  the  Americans  ;  so,  the  right  to  tax  ? 
two  years  after  this,  a  law  was  passed  obli 
ging  the  colonists  to  pay  a  duty  on  imported 
fflass,  tea,  paper,  and  certain  other  articles,     what  was  the 

.  .  next  tax  ? 

1  he  Americans  retaliated  by  not  buying  any 
of  the  taxed  goods. 

12.  Then  the   King  of  England  said  the     what  did  the 
Americans  were  rebels,  and  he  sent  out  large  do? 
numbers  of  troops   to  overawe  the  people. 

These  soldiers  were  stationed  in  New  York,     what  °f  the 

soldiers r 

Boston,  and  other  cities,  and  the  people  were 
forced  to  furnish  them  with  quarters,  fuel,  etc. 

i  3.    You  may  imagine  they  hated  the  red-     Did  they  like 

0  .  &  J  the  red-coats  ? 

coats,  and  it  was  not  long  before  collisions 

besfan.     In  New  York  there  was  a  riot,  in     Give  an  ac- 

1-1  i  -11    J     u        j.1  U-  count  of  the 

which  one  man  was  killed   by  the  soldiers  New  York  riot, 
and   several   were    wounded.      The    quarrel 
bqgan  by  the  soldiers  cutting  down  a  liberty 
pole  which  the  patriots  had  set  up. 

14.    In  Boston,  also,  there  was  a  street  en-     Tell  about  the 

.  .  ,  -^  .     Boston  Mas- 

counter  between  the  citizens  and  some  Brit-  sacre. 


78  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


ish  troops,  and  several  patriots  were  killed 

or  wounded.     Both  these  riots  took  place  in 

when  were     1 770 ;  the  New  York  one  in  January,  and  the 

these  riots  ?  '  '  t  J  J? 

Boston  Massacre    in   March.     They  caused 
tremendous  excitement  all  over  the  country. 
The  tax  taken       J5     When  the  British  rulers  saw  that  the 

off.  J 

Americans    were    in     earnest,     they     grew 

alarmed,  and  took  off  the  taxes,  —  all,  except 

On  what  was  the  tax  on  tea.     They  left  the  tax  on  tea 

the  tax  left  ?  111-1 

why?  just  to  show  that  they  had  a  right  to  tax  the 

people. 
Give  the  pro-       j  6.    Now  what  do  you  suppose  the  people 

gress  of  the  tea-       .  /  V 

controversy.  did  ?  Why,  they  did  not  import  any  tea. 
Then  the  great  India  Tea  Company  of  Lon 
don  sent  out  ship-loads  of  tea  on  its  own 
account,  thinking  the  people  would  want  the 
tea  so  much  that  they  would  be  glad  to  pay 
the  small  duty,  —  only  threepence  a  pound. 
HOW  about  1 7.  But  the  patriots  were  not  to  be  gulled 

the  people  ?          .  .  .  ° 

in  this  way.  It  was  the  principle  of  the  tax 
they  would  not  give  in  to.  Hence  they 
would  not  let  the  tea-ships  land,  but  Ant 
them  back  to  England,  or,  if  the  cargoes  \\%e 
got  ashore,  they  destroyed  the  tea. 
Tell  the  story  1 8.  At  Boston  three  ships  full  of  tea  ar- 

of  the  Boston          .        ..  ™.  ^    .   .   ,  . 

tea-party.          rived.       1  he    British    authorities   were    too 


WHY    THE    COLONIES    REVOLTED.  79 


strong. for  the  people  to  force  the  ships  to 
leave ;  so  after  dark,  one  night,  a  party  of 
men,  disguised  as  Indians,  went  on  board  and 
pitched  the  tea  overboard  into  the  harbor. 

19.  As  soon  as  the   British  government 
heard  of  this,  it  determined  to  punish  Boston 
by  forbidding  any  kind  of  goods  to  be  landed 
there.     Like  other  unjust  laws,  this  did  more 
hurt  than  good.     It  showed  the  whole  coun- 

try  how  mean  the  British  rulers  were,  and  the  P°rt  of  Bos- 

'  m  ton  ? 

united  the  people  against  them. 

20.  It  was  such  experiences  that   made  coJJ^^now^ 
the  colonists  first  think  of  armed  resistance.  think  of  ? 
But  first  they  resolved  to  consult  together. 

In  September,  1774,  delegates  from  the  colo 
nies  met  at  Philadelphia.     This  was  what  is 
called  the  first  Continental  Congress.     The  Co^!nen?aT the 
Congress  made  a  declaration  of  rights,  and  Congress, 
sent  a  petition  to  the  King  and  to  Parliament. 

21.  Even  then,  if  England  had  been  wise, 
the  trouble  might  all  have  been  settled.    But 
it  seemed  as  though  Providence   made  the 
British  rulers  blind.     It  was  resolved  to  force 
the  colonies  into  submission.     Then,  at  last, 
the  patriots  saw  that  there  was  nothing  for 
it  but  to  fight. 


8o 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


II.    CAMPAIGNS    AND    BATTLES    OF   THE   REVO 
LUTIONARY  WAR. 


Where  did 
the  war  begin, 
and  when  ? 


Who  held 
Boston  ? 


OPERATIONS    AROUND    BOSTON. 

1.  THE  war  of  the  Revolution  began  in 
Massachusetts.     The  first  outbreak  was  in 
1775,  just  ten  years  after  the  passage  of  the 
Stamp  Act. 

2.  In  the  spring  of  that  year  Boston  was 
occupied  by  two  or  three  thousand  British 
soldiers,  who  had  been  sent  there  to  over 
awe  the  patriots.     General  Gage,  whom  the 
King  had  made  Governor  of  Massachusetts, 
was  at  their  head. 

whatprepa-       ,     jn  {he  mean  time  the  people  had  not 

rations  for  war 

were  the  people  been  idle.     When  they  saw  that  the  King 

making? 

was  bent  on  forcing  them  to  obey  his  un 
just  laws,  they  began  to  make  serious  prep 
arations  for  war.  They  provided  them 
selves  with  guns  and  powder  and  ball ;  they 
formed  military  companies,  to  be  ready  at 
a  minute's  warning,  and  hence  were  called 
"  minute  men."  A  committee  of  safety, 


CAMPAIGNS    AND    BATTLES. 


consisting  of  the   wisest   and    best   men  of 

the  patriots,  took  the  lead  in  all  these  prepa-     who  took  the 

.  lead  ? 

rations. 


LEXINGTON. 

4.  The  first  fight  of  the  war  is  called  the  £  Teiihowthe 

&  .     first  battle  hap- 

battle  of  Lexington.      It  happened    in    this  pened. 
way :   General  Gage  sent  some  troops  to  de 
stroy  a  lot  of  military  stores  which  he  found 
out  were  at  Concord.     The  patriots  heard  of 
this,  and  the  minute-men  were  called  out. 

5.  On  the  morning  of  the  iQth  of  April, 

1775,  the  British  troops  reached  Lexington    Give  the  story 

1  '  JJ  o  of  the  march  on 

on  their  way  to  Concord.     Here  they  met  a  Concord, 
small  party  of  Americans  and  killed  several 
of  them.     They  then  went  on  towards  Con 
cord  and  destroyed  the  military  stores  at  that 
place. 

6.  While  the  British  were  about  this  busi-     Give  an  ac- 

...  count  of  the  bat- 

neSS  the  militia  began  to  collect  from  the  sur-  tie,  and  retreat 

, .  t     ,  111  of  the  British. 

rounding  country,  and  they  attacked  the  ene 
my  at  Concord  Bridge.  The  red-coats  were 
handled  so  badly  that  they  retreated  towards 
Boston.  Then  the  Americans  followed  them  Teiiofthe 
and  shot  at  them  from  behind  rocks  and  trees 
and  barns.  It  was  a  long  running  fight,  and 

6 


State  the 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


before  the  British  troops  could  get  back  to 
British6 loss.      Lexington  over  two  hundred  of  their  num 


ber  had  been  killed  or  wounded. 


BUNKER    HILL. 


what  was         7.   The  news  of  the  fight  at  Lexington  set 

the  effect  of  the         '  .  ,, 

news  of  Lex-     the  whole  country  m  a  blaze,     boon  twenty 

inorrnn  ?  . 

thousand  patriots  surrounded  boston,  where 
the  British  army  was. 


ington  ? 


Point  out 
Boston  on  the 
map. 


Point  out 
Charlestown. 


What  river 
between. 


Where  is 
Breed's  Hill  ? 


Where  is 
Bunker  Hill  ? 


Remember 
that  the  battle 
was  really 
fought,  not  on 
Bunker  Hill, 
but  on  Breed's 
Hill. 


Battle  of  Bunker  Hill. 


CAMPAIGNS    AND    BATTLES.  83 

8.    The   first   important   action   was    the     Name  the 

T  T  MI     T  -r  "rst  imP°rtant 

battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  June  17,  1775.     Bun-  action. 

ker  Hill,  or  more  properly  Breed's  Hill,  is  on 

a  neck  of  land  opposite  Boston.     A  part  of    Teiihowthe 

.  .  '111  fight  happened. 

the  American  army  occupied  that  place,  and 
erected  a  fort  of  earth  and  logs.  The  Brit 
ish  officer  sent  over  a  force  in  boats  from 
Boston  to  take  this  fort.  The  result  was  the 
battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  of  which  you  will  find 
a  map  on  the  opposite  page. 

o.    It  was  a  very  hard  fio-ht.      The  Brit-    what  can  you 

^  ill  say  of  the  bat- 

ish  won  the  day  because  they  were  stronger  tie? 

in  number,  and  the  Americans  lacked  am-     why  was  the 

.  result  as  good 

munition.    But  the  result  was  just  as  good  as  as  a  victory  ? 
a  victory  for  the  patriots,  because  it  thorough 
ly  aroused  the  whole  country.     The  people 
now  saw  that  they  must  conquer  or  die. 

WASHINGTON. 

10.  A    little    while    before    the   battle   of    what  imP°r- 
Bunker     Hill,    the    Continental    Congress,  had  taken  place? 
which  consisted  of  representatives  from  all 

the  colonies,  had  met  again.     The  congress     What  of  the 

TT    •       i  Congress? 

was  really  the  government  of  the  "  United 
Colonies,"  as  they  were  called. 

1 1 .  Congress  voted  to  raise  an  army  of 


84  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


twenty  thousand  men,  and  it  chose  George 
Washington  as  commander-in-chief  of  the 
American  army.     Washington  went  to  Cam- 
d      bridge,  near  Boston,  and  there  took  command 
Washington    ^  of  the  forces,  just  two  weeks  after  the  battle 
of  Bunker  Hill.     The  great  elm  under  which 
he  took  command  is  still  standing, 
what  is  said        j  2.    The  American  army  was  made  up  of 

of  the  American  t  J  * 

army?  brave,  patriotic   men,  who  were  determined 

to  fight  for  their  country.     But  they  were 

very  green  in  war,  and  the  army  was  very 

poorly  supplied  with   many  things   needed, 

what  was      especially     powder.       Hence,     Washington 

Washington's  L  J . 

plan?  thought  it  was    best  to  begin   by  teaching 

them  the  art  of  war.     Some  people,  wise  in 
their  own  conceit,  said    he   ought  to   have 
rushed  right  on  the  British  in  Boston ;  but 
he  knew  better, 
what  did  1 3.    The  wisdom  of  what  Washington  did 

Washington  do? 

was  fully  shown  by  the  result.  He  hemmed 
in  the  British  so  closely  in  Boston  during 
the  winter,  that  they  came  near  starving. 
Finally,  the  British  commander,  whose  name 
was  General  Howe,  was  forced  to  ask  Wash- 
Teii  about  ington  to  let  him  evacuate  Boston.  To  this 

rlowe  s  leaving        ° 

Boston.  Washington   consented.     Then    the   British 


CAMPAIGNS    AND    BATTLES.  85 


force  sailed  away  to  Halifax,  and  the  Ameri 
cans  marched  into  'Boston,  —  to  the  great  joy 
of  the  people. 

ATTACK    ON    CHARLESTON. 

14.  While  the  British  were  still  occupying     TO  what  point 

1  J       °  did  Howe  now 

Boston,  Howe  sent  a  force  in  ships  to  attack  send  troops? 
Charleston,  in  South  Carolina.     But  Wash 
ington  found  out  his  plan,  and  sent  General 
Lee  to  meet  him. 

15.  When   the    British    fleet   arrived    off    w,h^h^v 

J  dered  the  Bnt- 

Charleston,  it  was  found  that  the  ships  could  ish  ships  from 

getting  in  ? 

not  get  into  the  harbor  on  account  of  a 
strong  fort  which  the  patriots  had  built  of 
earth  and  palmjej&bbgs.  Then  a  tremen- 
dous  bombardment  of  the  fort  was  begun. 
The  balls  were  buried  in  the  soft  palmetto- 
wood,  and  did  little  harm.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  shot  from  the  fort  swept  the  decks 
of  the  British  ships  and  played  fearful  havoc. 

1 6.  A  brave  young  sergeant  named  Jasper     Repeat  the 
distinguished  himself  very  much  during  this 

fight.  One  of  the  balls  cut  down  the  flag 
staff  from  which  the  colors  of  the  patriots 
floated  proudly.  Jasper  leaped  over  the 
breastwork,  amid  a  hailstorm  of  bullets, 


86 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


i 

suit 


K, 

tight. 


seized  the  flag,  and,  fastening  it  to  a  ramrod, 
placed  it  once  more  on  the  fort. 

J7-    The    British  continued  the  fight  the 

'  «-* 

whole  day.  A  large  number  of  their  men 
were  wounded,  and  many  of  their  ships  were 
shattered  ;  but  they  could  not  take  the  fort. 
Hence  they  gave  it  up  and  sailed  away.  The 
fort  was  afterwards  named  Fort  Moultrie,  in 
honor  of  its  brave  defender. 


Where  did 
Washington 
now  resolve  to 

go  ? 


Give  an  ac 
count  of  his 
going. 


What  is 
meant  by  de 
fences  ? 


For  which 
side  was  the 
first  campaign  a 
success  ? 


WASHINGTON    MOVES    TO    NEW    YORK. 

1 8.  Soon  after  the  British  evacuated  Bos 
ton,  Washington,  who  did   not  know  they 
were  going  to  Halifax,  but  feared  that  they 
might  attack  New  York  City,  determined  to 
move  his  own  army  to  that  place. 

19.  Washington  left  men  enough  to  see 
that  the  British  should  not  take  Boston  again, 
and  then  he  sailed  with  most  of  his  army 
to  New  York.     He  began  to  arrange  the  de 
fences  of  that  city,  that  is,  to  build  forts  near 
the  city  and  on   Long   Island  and   up  the 
Hudson. 

20.  The  opening  campaign  of  the  war  — 
which  we    may  call  the  campaign  in  Mas 
sachusetts —  had    been    successful    for    the 


CAMPAIGNS    AND    BATTLES.  87 

Americans.     Now  see  if  you  can  remember 
its  principal  events: 

1.  Battle  of  Lexington  in  April,  1775.  rindeaisf°ur 

2.  Battle  of  Bunker  Hill  in  June,  1775.       events- 

3.  Washington  takes  command  of  the  army 
in  July  and  besieges  the  British  all  winter. 

4.  Evacuation  of  Boston  by  the  British,  in 
March,   1776. 

THE  DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE. 

21.  Very  soon  after  Washington  reached     what  great 

J  .  event  now  took 

New  York  an  event  took  place  that  was  far  Place  ? 
more  important  than  any  battle.     This  was 
the  adoption    of  the    Declaration    of  Inde 
pendence. 

22.  Why  do  we  every  year  celebrate  the  ,  why  do  we 

J  J     •>  keep  up  the  4th 

4th  of  July?  It  is  because  on  that  day  °f July? 
this  country  became  a  NATION  :  it  threw  off 
the  shackles  of  colonial  dependence,  and  said 
that  henceforth  it  would  govern  itself,  in 
place  of  being  governed  by  the  King  of 
England. 

23.  The  Declaration  of  Independence  was  for^hth 
put  forth  by  the  Continental  Congress,  which,  ration  ? 
as   you  have  already  learned,  was  the   real 
government  of  our  country  at  that  time.     It 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


who  wrote  it?  was  written  by  Thomas  Jefferson,  who  was 
a  member  of  Congress,  and  who  was  after 
wards  President  .of  the  United  States.     The 
^When  adopt-  Declaration  was  adopted  on  the  4th  of  July, 

1776. 

tookepirceawhen      24-    The  Continental  Congress  was  at  this 
the  Declaration  time   assembled  at   Philadelphia.     When   it 

was  announced. 

was  announced  that  the  Declaration  had 
really  been  adopted,  the  old  bell-man,  in  the 
tower  of  Independence  Hall,  grasped  the 
tongue  of  the  great  bell  and  hurled  it  forward 
and  backward  a  hundred  times,  its  voice  pro 
claiming  "  liberty  throughout  all  the  land,  unto 
HOW  did  the  all  the  inhabitants  thereof."  The  patriots  an- 

people  answer? 

swered  with  bonfires  and  cannon-peals,  and 
every  year  their  descendants  have  celebrated 
the  great  day  in  much  the  same  manner. 

THE    CAMPAIGN    IN    NEW    YORK. 

.  T^ha,t.point      25.   You     remember     that     Washington 

had  Washing-  J  ° 

ton  moved  his    moved  his  army  to  New  York  after  the  Brit- 

army  ? 

ish   left    Boston.      The    British   now   deter 
mined  to  attack  New  York.     In  the  month 
where  and     of  August,  1 776,  they  landed  on  Long  Island. 

when  did  the  &  '  '  J  .  .        & 

British  land?      There  was  a  large  army  of  British  regulars 
Their  force?   ancj  of   troops  called    Hessians,  whom   the 


CAMPAIGNS    AND    BATTLES. 


English  King  had  hired  to  fight  against 
America. 

26.  The    Americans  had   thrown   up  in- 
trenchments  on  Long  Island,  where  Brook- 

lyn  now  stands.     The  British  advanced  and  bj£uboutlhe 

attacked  the  Americans,  who  were  beaten  in 

the  battle.     Some  say  the  Americans  did  not  de^?  was  the 

manage  very  well ;  but  at  any  rate  the  enemy 

was  far  stronger  in  numbers. 

27.  Washington,   who    had   crossed  from  w^^  fon  ? 
New  York  during  the  battle,  saw  with  grief 

that  the  field  was  lost.     The  Americans  got    where  did  the 

7        Americans  re- 

back  to  their  fort  on  Brooklyn  Heights,  and  tire? 
defended  themselves  there  till  the  third  night. 
Then  Washington  very  wisely  withdrew  the  co^Jt  of^h^re- 
army  in  boats  over  to  New  York.      There  treat  from  Long 

J  Island. 

was  a  thick  fog  and  the  boats  were  rowed 
with  muffled  oars,  so  the  British  did  not  dis 
cover  the  retreat  till  the  Americans  had 
escaped. 

28.  In  New  York  City  Washington  did  i 

not  feel  strong  enough  to  risk  a  battle.     He  New  York? 
therefore   retreated    up  the  island,   and  the 
British  succeeded  in  capturing  Fort  Wash 
ington,    which   was    so   heavy   a   loss    that 
Washington  wept  at  it.      There  was  noth- 


90  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


what  had  he  ing  left  for  him  but  to  retreat  through  New 

now  to  do  ?  c  . 

Jersey,  and  get  behind  the  Delaware. 

RETREAT    THROUGH    JERSEY. 

What  of  the         20.    The  patriot   army   was    now    terribly 

American  army  '  J  J 

now?  thinned  in  numbers,  and  greatly  discouraged. 

Many  believed  the  cause  was  lost. 
Did  the  Brit-       ^o.    The  British  immediately  followed  in 

ish  pursue  ?  J 

pursuit,  so    the    Americans    had    to    retreat 
speak  of  the    through    New   Jersey.      They  were    razored 

sufferings  of  the  J  J  J  O& 

patriots.  and  barefooted,  and  many  a  soldier,  as  he 

trudged  along,  left  the  bloody  prints  of  his 
feet  on  the  frozen  ground. 

repeat ab°ut  the  31'  Washington  conducted  the  retreat 
with  wonderful  skill.  The  enemy  were  not 

•  Behj.njd]what   able  to  catch  up  with  him.     In  this  way  he 

river  did  he  re-  L  •> 

tire?  got  down  to  the   Delaware  River,  which  he 

crossed  into  Pennsylvania.  As  he  took  care 
to  secure  all  the  boats,  the  British  could  not 

no^he  British     CI"OSS   whei1   they   §Ot   there*       S°  L°rd    Cori1" 

cross?  wallis,  the  English  general,  resolved  to  wait 

till  the  Delaware  should  be  frozen  over. 

THE    VICTORY    AT    TRENTON. 

32.    Very   soon    after    this,    Washington 
gave    the   British  a  blow   that   made    them 


CAMPAIGNS    AND    BATTLES.  9! 


think  of  something  else  besides  crossing  the     what  effect 

had  the  blow 

Delaware.  Washington 

^         ,  i  .    T   ,          r     ^i      •    ,  X-     now  gave  the 

33.  On    the    night    of    Christmas,    1776,  British? 
Washington  with  a  picked  force  crossed  that  Washington 
river  and  suddenly  fell  upon  a  large  body  of cross  the  river  ? 
Hessians  at  Trenton.    They  had  been  carous-  wwl}y  were  the 

*  Hessians  sur- 

ing  during  Christinas  night,  and  were  com-  prised  ? 
pletely  surprised  when  they  found  they  were 
prisoners.     This  was  what  Washington  called  Washington 
11  clipping  the  wings  "  of  the  British.  say  about  this? 

34.  A   few  days    after    this,  Washington   b 


defeated    another    body    of    the    British    at  have  an°ther 

J  victory  ? 

Princeton.     Now  the  tables  were  completely 

turned.      The   enemy  had  to  fall  back  and     what  were 

J  the  British 

give  up  nearly  the  whole  of  New  Jersey,     forced  to  do? 

THE    PENNSYLVANIA    CAMPAIGN. 

35.  The  object  of  the  campaign  of  1777  o  ^^J116 
was  the  capture  of  Philadelphia  by  the  British.  1777- 

36.  The  British  general  put  his  troops  on    TO  what  place 

,        '          .  .  .        .?    ,  -,      ~ *  if,  did  the  British 

board  ships,  and  sailed  to  Chesapeake  nay.     move  ? 
vi.    Washington  marched  his  army  down     where  did 

.      0/  r  Washington  go? 

into  Pennsylvania,  and  the  two  forces  met    The  two  forces 
on  the  river  Brandywine.     Here  the  Ameri-  mstTte*thc  re- 
cans  were  defeated  (September  n),  and  the  S1 
British  took  Philadelphia. 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


A 


Valley  Forge. 


38.  In  fact,  all  the  operations  in 
Pennsylvania  turned  out  badly  for 
the  Americans.    At  the  end  of  that 
year,  1777,  they  took  up  their  win 
ter,  quarters  at  Valley  Forge. 

39.  Those  were  dark  days  for  the 
patriots  at  Valley  Forge,  —  the  darkest  of  the  war.    The 
soldiers  were  miserably  fed,  and  not  half  clothed.     Many 

QUESTIONS.  —  Did  any  of  the  operations  in  Pennsylvania  turn  out  well  ? 
Where  did  they  go  into  winter  quarters  ?  What  is  said  of  times  at  Valley  Forge  ? 
Tell  of  the  sufferings  of  the  soldiers. 


CAMPAIGNS    AND    BATTLES.  93 

of  them  had  no  blankets  or  shoes,  and  the 
men  left  their  bloody  footprints  in  the  snow. 
They  had  to  keep  themselves  as  warm  as 
they  could  in  their  little  huts  or  around 
the  scanty  camp-fires ;  but  if  the  fire  of  pa-  what  was  it 

1         that  helped 

triotism  had  not  burned  warm  within  them,  them  to  keep  up 

.  111  i    •  ii->  under  suffering? 

do  you  think  they  could  have  stood  it  at  allr 

40.  The  picture  on  the  opposite  page  will 
give  you  an  idea  of  the  kind  of  scenes  amid 
which  the  patriot  soldiers  passed  the  dreary 
winter  at  Valley  Forge. 

BURGOYNE'S  CAMPAIGN. 

41.  While  Washington  was  engaged  with     where  were 
the  British  in  Pennsylvania,  events  of  great  happening  S 
importance  were  happening  in  the  northern  n 

part  of  New  York. 

42.  In  the  spring  of  1777,  General  Bur-  B™^he 
goyne,  a  famous  English  officer,  set  out  from  from  Canada? 
Canada  with"  a  splendid  army.     He  was  to  go  he^h|oVvas 
to  Albany  by  way  of  Lake  Champlaih.     At 

Albany  he  was  to  be  joined  by  another  British  he^0  beh°0™  evdas> 

force,  which  was  to  march  up  from  New  York 

City.     This  was  a  grand  plan  of  the  British     what  was  the 

British  plan  ? 

to  cut  the  rebellion  in  two,  —  separating  New 
England  from  the  rest  of  the  country. 


94  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


43.    The  British  army,  after  much  trouble, 
what  fort  in  prOt   to    port   Edward,  which  was    high   up 

New  York  did     &  '  or 

the  British        the    Hudson    River.     The    advance    of  the 

enemy  had   been    skilfully    resisted    by  the 

who  resisted  brave    American    general    Schuyler.      Soon 

the  advance  ?  .  J 

who  was       afterwards  the  American  army  was  put  un- 
"       der  General  Gates. 


Ten  about  the      44.    While  Burgoyne  was  at  Fort  Edward, 

expedition  of        .  i      i          A  •  111 

the  British  to  he  heard  the  Americans  had  a  large  amount 
of  stores  at  Bennington.  He  sent  a  force 
to  seize  them.  While  on  the  way  this 
force  was  met  by  Major  Stark,  with  a  small 
body  of  militia. 

re  w^at  was  the      ^    The  British  got  a  terrible  drubbing, 

and  several  hundred    of  them   were   taken. 

Ten  the  story  It   is    told   that  in    the    fight    Major    Stark 

of  Stark.  .  .      . 

animated  his  soldiers  by  exclaiming,  "  See 
there,  men  !  there  are  the  red-coats  !  before 
night  they  are  ours,  or  Molly  Stark  's  a 
widow  !  " 

the\hmeeriVcan         46<    The  mam  body  of  the  Americans  was 

arm>'?  at  this    time   near   the    town    of  Stillwater, 

on   the   Hudson.     Burgoyne  advanced   and 

Where  and     showed    fight.      Two    severe    battles    took 

when  were  two  _~       .  . 

hard  battles  place  at  Bemis  Heights,  —  the  first  on  the 
i  gth  of  September,  the  second  on  the  7th 


CAMPAIGNS    AND    BATTLES.  95 

of  October,   1777.      The   British    lost   very 
heavily. 

47.  After  these  battles  Burgoyne  retreated 

to  Saratoga.     He  would  have  been  very  glad  treat  ? 

to  escape  to    Canada.      But  the   American 

army  hemmed  the   British  in.      The  result  render- 

was    that   Burgoyne,  with   his    army  of  six 

thousand  men,  surrendered  to  General  Gates, 

October  17,   1777.       This  was  the  greatest     why  was  this 

i         A  1111  a  Sreat  victory  ? 

victory  the  Americans  had  yet  had. 

48.  The  news  of  the  victory  in  the  North     What  effect 

/  did  it  have  on 

cheered  the  hearts  of  Washington  and  nis  Washington's 
suffering  men  at  Valley  Forge.   When  the  de 
spatch  came  with  the  tidings,  he  fell  upon  his 
knees,  clasped  his  hands,  and  poured  out  his 


thanksgiving  to  the  Almighty.     This  touch-  did  when  he 

r  .       ,     heard  the  good 

ing  incident  shows  that  not  a  shadow  of  jeal-  news. 
ousy  of  the  victorious  General  Gates  crossed 
the  mind  of  our  country's  leader.  He  thought 
not  of  himself,  but  only  of  the  cause. 

THE    FRENCH    AID    AMERICA. 

49.  The  next  spring  (  1  778)  a  very  cheering  .  what  cheer- 
thing  happened  for  America.     The  King  of  penedin  1778? 
France  agreed  to  help  the  Americans  with 
ships  and  soldiers  and  money.     This  was  ar- 


96  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


who  ar-        ranged  by  Benjamin  Franklin,  who  had  been 

ranged  this  ?  ,  .          ..    .        ,_, 

sent  over  to  ask  the  aid  of  the  r  rench. 


ENGLAND   ASKS    FOR    PEACE. 

what  did  the       50.    When  the  British  rulers  heard  of  the 

British  now  do  ? 

surrender  of  Burgoyne  and  what  the  French 

were  going  to  do,  they  grew  very  anxious 

for  peace.      They  sent  over  persons  called 

Teii  what  the  commissioners,  to  say  to  the  Americans  that 

commissioners  .  J 

said.  they  would  give  up  all  claim  to  tax  them, 

and  allow  them   to  send  representatives  to 
Parliament, 
why  did  not       CL    Congress  refused  to  listen  to  the  pro- 

Congress  heed  ,  T     &  . 

the  offer?         posal.      It  was  too  late;    nothing  but  inde 
pendence  would  now  suit  the  people. 

THE    SCENE    SHIFTS. 

Didthe  52.    The    French  were   as  good  as  their 

French  keep  °  & 

their  promise  ?   word.     They  immediately  fitted  out  a  large 

fleet  with  several  thousand  troops,  and  sent 

them  out  to  help  the  Americans  in  the  sum- 

whatdidthe  mer  of  1778.     The  English  were  now  afraid 

English  fear  ?  '  ' 

that  the    French  ships  would  come   up  the 

Delaware  River,  and  shut  them  up  in  Phila- 

what  did  the  delphia.     Hence  the  British  commander  be- 

Bntish  com 
mander  do  ?       gan  to  march  his  army  to  New  York. 


CAMPAIGNS    AND    BATTLES.  97 


53.  'Washington,  with  his  troops,  forsook     who  pursued 

them  ? 

his  log-huts  at  Valley  Forge,  and  pursued. 

There  was  a  fight  at  Monmouth,  in  which     where  did  a 

fight  take  place, 

the  British  got  the  worst  of  it.     But  they  and  the  result  ? 
succeeded    in    reaching    New   York.      The 
American    army   now  encamped    at    White    where  did  the 

*  armies  now  set- 

Plains,  near  New  York  City.  tle  down  ? 

54.  Soon  afterwards  the  French  fleet  ar-  T,wh,at°ftlle 

J  ^  t  t  French  fleet  ? 

rived  ;  but  it  did  nothing  that  season,  and  at  the 
end  of  the  year  it  sailed  for  the  West  Indies. 

MASSACRE    OF   WYOMING. 

SS-    Nothing  else  that  you  need  to  remem-     What  massa- 

^  ^  °  J  ere  is  now  spo- 

ber  happened  during  the  year  1778,  except  ken  of? 
what    is  called  the   Massacre   of  Wyoming 
\wi-dming}.      This  was  a  beautiful  valley  in     what  of  the 

r  J       ,   valley  of  Wyo- 

Pennsylvama.     It  was  a  scene  of  peace  and  ming? 
plenty,  of  bright  meadows  and  green  hills 
and  sparkling  streams. 

S6.    A  large  partv  of  Tories  were  angry     Teii  about 

_  ___  ,&  \  the  massacre. 

because  many  of  the  men  of  Wyoming  had 
gone  to  help  Washington.  They  joined  with 
them  a  number  of  Indians,  and  attacked  the 
peaceful  inhabitants.  All  but  sixty  out  of 
four  hundred  men  were  massacred.  The 
women  and  children  were  scalped,  and  the 

7 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


houses  and  barns  and   crops  were   burned, 
leaving  the  beautiful  vale  a  scene  of  utter 
desolation. 
HOW  did  57.    Washington  punished  the  Indians  se- 

Washington  re-         *"  '  .  r 

venge  this  deed?  verely.  A  short  time  afterwards  he  sent  a 
force  that  attacked  and  defeated  the  savages 
in  Pennsylvania  and  Western  New  York, 
and  burned  forty  of  their  villages. 

THE    WAR    IN    THE    SOUTH. 

where  was         eg.    From  the  year  1779  the  war  was  car- 

the  war  carried       .  . 

on  after  1779?    ried  on  almost  entirely  in  the  South. 

Ten  two  sue-      59.    At  first  the  British  were  the  most  suc 
cesses  of  the  J  ' 
British.            cessful.     They  took  the  city  of  Savannah, 

and  overran  the  whole  of  Georgia.     Charles- 
whatwere     ton  surrendered  next,  May,  1 780.    Then  they 

the  British  able  J 

to  do  now?        overran  the  whole  of  South  Carolina,  which 

had  very  few  troops  to  defend  it. 
./eii  about          60.   Yet  the  British  did   not  have  every- 

Manon  and  t  m  * 

Sumpter.  thing  their  own  way.  There  arose  a  number 
of  dashing  leaders,  like  Marion  and  Sumpter 
and  Lee,  who,  by  their  rapid  and  brilliant 
movements,  annoyed  the  British  terribly. 
With  small  bands  of  daring  spirits,  they  would 
dash  suddenly  on  detachments  of  the  enemy, 
and  cut  them  off. .  There  are  many  stories 


CAMPAIGNS    AND    BATTLES.  99 

told  of  the  adventures  and  exploits  of  these 
brave  and  self-denying  men. 

61.  During  the  summer  of  1 780,  Congress     when  was  an 

army  sent 

sent  an  army  to  South  Carolina,  under  Gen-  South  ? 
eral   Gates.     A  great   battle   took   place  at     where  was 

.  the  first  great 

Camden,  August   16.     Here  the  Americans  battle? 

were  very  badly  defeated,  losing  about  two  suit. 

thousand  men.     Gates  retreated  rapidly  into 

North  Carolina.     Soon  afterwards,   General 

Greene  was  given  the  command  of  the  South-  G^0inf0co°m-ed 

ern  army.  mand  ? 

62.  In  1781  the  Americans  began  to  have  .  when  didthe 

'  &  Americans  be- 

some  success  at  the  South.  sin  to  have 

some  success  ? 

63.  The    first  success  was   at    Cowpens,     where  was 

.  ...  ,  .  i        T\ /r          the  first  success? 

where  an  American  detachment  under  Mor 
gan  defeated  a  British  force  led  by  the  ter 
rible  Tarleton.  The  next  action  was  at 
Guilford  Court  House,  North  Carolina.  The 
losses  in  this  fight  were  about  equal.  what  of  it? 

64.  The  greatest  battle  in  the  South  was 
at  Eutaw  Springs.     The  British  lost  eleven 
hundred  men.     In  the  mean  time  the  enter 
prising  troopers,  Marion,  Sumpter,  and  Lee, 
captured  various  posts  held  by  the  enemy. 

65.  The  British  now  began  to  see  that  they 
could  not  conquer  the  South.     They  there- 


IOO 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


Where  did 
they  go  ? 


fore  retired  to  their  stronghold  at  Charleston, 
and  there  they  remained  till  the  close  of  the 
war. 


What  are  we 
now  to  read  of? 


Give  an  ac 
count  of  Ar 
nold. 


What  plan 
did  he  form  ? 


What  did  he 
say  to  the  Brit 
ish  ? 

Who  was  sent 
to  arrange  mat 
ters  ? 

What  was 
agreed  ? 


TREASON    OF    ARNOLD. 

66.  We  are  now  to  read  a  dark  page  in 
the  history  of  our  country,  —  the  treason  of 
Benedict  Arnold. 

67.  Arnold  was  an  American  general,  and 
had  distinguished  himself  for  his  bravery  in 
many  of  the  early  battles  of  the  Revolution. 
But  afterwards  he  fell  into  bad  ways,  and 
finally  he  resolved  to  betray  his  country. 

68.  Arnold  knew  that  West  Point,  a  strong 
fortress  on  the  Hudson,  was  so  important  a 
point  that  the  British  would  give  almost  any 
thing  for  it.     He  therefore  asked  Washing 
ton   for   the   command    of    that   post,    and 
Washington,  not  suspecting  his  treasonable 
design,  gave  it  to  him. 

69.  He  now  signified  to  the   British  his 
willingness  to  give  up  the  fort,  and  Major 
Andre,  a  young  British  officer,  was  sent  up 
from  New  York  by  General  Clinton  to  make 
a  bargain  with  him.     It  was  agreed  that  Ar 
nold  should  put  the  British  in  possession  of 


CAMPAIGNS    AND    BATTLES.'  101 

the  fort,  and  that  they  should  give  him  'fifty 
thousand  dollars  and  a  general's  command. 

70.  Now  we  must  learn  how  this  danger 
ous  plot  was  spoiled.     Andre  set  out  to  re-  pl™^s.the 
turn  to   New  York  City.     On  the  way  he  covered, 
was  stopped  by  three  militia  soldiers.   Think 
ing  that  they  sided  with  the  English,  he  told 

them  he  was  a  British  officer.     They  then 
seized  him  and  carried  him  off  a  prisoner. 

71.  Andre  was  soon  after  hung  as  a  spy.  ofYndrV?came 
But  the  great  traitor,  Arnold,  escaped  to  the     what  of  Ar- 

°  f  nold  ? 

English  at  New  York  City,  and  was  soon 
afterwards  fighting  against  his  countrymen. 

SIEGE    OF    YORKTOWN. 

72.  We  now  come  to  the  last  battle  of  the  J^a££of 
war.    It  was  fought  at  Yorktown,  in  Virginia,  the  war  fought  ? 

73.  In  the  summer  of  1781,  Lord  Corn- 

wallis  was  stationed  at  Yorktown  with  eight  the^e0r^enre 
thousand  troops.    Washington  was  near  New  armies  in  the 

summer  of  1781? 

York  City,  preparing  to   attack  that  place, 
still  held  by  General  Clinton.     But  he  sud 
denly  changed  his  plan  and  marched  quickly  of^natdiCd ange 
against   Cornwallis    at    Yorktown,   reaching  Washington 

3  make? 

there  at  the  end  of  September.      He  was 

....  -   _  ,  By  whom  was 

joined  by  a  large  number  of  rrench  troops,  he  joined? 


IO2 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


which  had  just    arrived   in   the  Chesapeake,  in  a  fleet 
commanded    by   Count    De    Grasse.  . 

74.  The  allied  French 
and  American  armies 
now  laid  siege  to  York- 
town.  You  will  see  on 
the  map  the  British 
works,  and  the  parallels 
of  the  Americans ;  you 
will  see  where  the  head 
quarters  of  Washington 
were  and  the  head-quar 
ters  of  Rochambeau,  the 
chief  commander  of  the 
French  troops ;  you  will 
observe,  also,  the  French 
men-of-war  in  the  York  River,  preventing  the  British 
from  getting  away  by  water.  Cornwallis  saw  finally  that 
his  situation  was  hopeless,  so  he  surrendered  on  the  igth 
of  October,  1781. 

CLOSE    OF    THE    WAR. 

75.    This  splendid  victory  really  closed  the  war.     The 
British  government  saw  that  the  Americans  could  not 


QUESTIONS. — Tell  about  the  siege.     Date  of  Cornwallis's  surrender.     What 
was  the  effect  of  this  victory  ? 


CAMPAIGNS    AND    BATTLES.  1 03 

be  conquered.     Then  they  began   to  speak 
about  stopping  the  fighting. 

76.  More  than  a  year  was  spent  in  arrang-  do^hthe™t 
ing  a  treaty  of  peace,  between  commissioners  year  ? 

of  the  two  countries.     Finally,  the  treaty  was 

signed    at    Paris,    September   3,    1783,    and    when  was  the 

&  m  °'        '     J  treaty  signed  ? 

Great    Britain    acknowledged    the     United 
States  as  an  independent  nation. 

77.  Before  the  end  of  the  year  the  last  hap[*e\^hbae^ 
red-coat  had  left  our  shores  ;  the  patriot  sol-  f™e  the  end  of 
diers  of  the    Revolution    returned  to    their 

homes,  and  Washington  retired  to  his  farm 
at  Mount  Vernon,  Virginia. 

THE   CONSTITUTION. 

78.  The  war  of  the   Revolution  left  our     what  was  the 

-™  state  of  the 

country  terribly  exhausted.     The  people  had  country  at  the 

£C       j      r       r  11  T-i  J        i      J      1  close  of  the  war? 

suffered    fearfully.       Ihousands    had    been     Teiiofthe 
killed,  and  the  land  was  filled  with  widows  lossoflife- 
and  orphans.     Towns  had  been  burned  and     ofthede- 

*  .  struction  of 

fields  lay  uncultivated.     All  the  arts  of  peace  property. 
had  had  to  stop  during  the  war.     Our  coun 
try  was  deeply  in  debt,  and  there  seemed  to     The  debt- 
be  no  way  of  paying  it. 

79.  But  the  worst  tiling  of  all  was  that  our     what  was  the 

&  worst  evil  of  all? 

country  had  no  regular  government.     Con-     * 


104 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


what  body 

had  managed 

during  the  war  ? 


federadonVm// 

union? 

What  did 

Washington 

Say  about  it  ? 


,.         s.teP 

did  the  wise 

men  take  ? 


meet? 

What  was 

their  plan  of 


Ten  about  its 

adoption. 


effjct  ? 


what  of  the 

President  ? 


gress  had  managed  matters  during  the  war, 
and  the  States  had  bound  themselves  by  an 
agreement  called  "  Articles  of  Confederation." 
it  was  not  a  real  union  of  the  States, 
are,"  said  Washington,  "  one  nation  to 
day,  and  thirteen  to-morrow,  —  who  will  treat 
with  us  on  these  terms  ?  " 

80.  The  wise  and  good  men  of  the  coun 
try,  seeing  these  evils,  called  a  convention  of 
delegates  from  each  of  the  States  to  make 
"  a  more  perfect  union."     The  delegates  as 
sembled    at    Philadelphia   in    1787.      They 
debated  long  over  the  matter,   and   finally 
agreed   upon  a  plan  of  government.     This 
plan  was  named  "  THE  CONSTITUTION." 

8 1.  The  Constitution  had  to  be  adopted 
by  two  thirds  of  the  States  before  it  could  be 
come  the  law  of  the  land.     During  the  next 
year  eleven  out  of  the  thirteen  States  ratified 
it.     The  4th  of  March,  1 789,  was  appointed 
as  the  day  when  it  was  to  go  into  effect. 

82.  The  Constitution  provided  that  a  chief 
magistrate  called  president  should  be  elected 
by  the  people.     All  hearts  turned  towards 
Washington,    who  was    accordingly  chosen 
first  President  of  the  United  States. 


GREAT  MEN  OF  THE  REVOLUTION. 


IDS 


III.    GREAT   MEN    OF  THE   REVOLUTION. 


// 


GEORGE    WASHINGTON. 


i.  THE  greatest  char- 


what  does 

this  mean  ? 


George  Washington. 


Who  was  the 
greatest  charac- 

acter  of  the  war  of  Inde- ter  °f  the  war  ? 
pendence  was  Washing-  ^ 
ton.     This  means  that 
he  was  great  in  every 
way,  not  only  as  a  sol 
dier,  but  as  a  statesman 
and  a  man. 

2.    Washington   was 
not 


His  birth- 
pjace. 


born    in   Virginia, 

far   from    the   city    now   bearing   his 
You  have  already  learned  something  of  his 
early  history,  and  how  he  took  part  in  the  ence  ? 
disastrous   campaign    of  Braddock.      Even 
then,  as  a  young  man,  he  was  marked  for  his 
self-reliance,  courage,  and  love  of  the   right. 
AVhen  the  Revolution  broke  out,  and  Con- 

\^LJligl  tOO 

gress  was  looking  for  a  man  to  lead  its  ar-  choose  him  as 

.  *f  .  ill*        commander  ? 

mies,  it  was  upon  W  ashington  that  the  choice 
fell.     He  was  then  forty-two  years  old.  he?°v 


io6 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


What  is  said 
of  Washington 
compared  with 
other  officers  ? 


Examples  of 
defeats. 


Of  retreats. 

Had  the  ene 
my  to  pay  dear 
ly? 

Example  of 
his  turning  on 
them. 


What  is  said 
of  his  march  on 
Yorktown  ? 


Give  some  ex 
amples  of  trying 
scenes  where 
Washington 
kept  his  firm 
ness  and  faith. 


Why  was  he 
perfectly  un 
selfish  ? 

Give  exam 
ples  of  this. 


3.  There  were,  perhaps,  in  the  American 
army,  officers  who  were  more  dashing  than 
Washington  ;  but  there  was    none    that   so 
united  all  the  qualities  which  make  a  great 
captain.     He  was  sometimes  defeated,  as  at 
Long  Island  and  on  the  Brandywine.     He 
had  often  to  retreat  before  the  enemy,  as  in 
New  Jersey   and  in  Pennsylvania.     But  he 
made  the  enemy  pay  dearly  for  any  success. 

4.  Sometimes  he  would  turn  upon  them 
(as  at  Trenton,  after  his  retreat  behind  the 
Delaware),  and  deliver  a  stunning  blow  when 
the  enemy  least  expected  it.     His  march  on 
Yorktown,  after  outwitting  Clinton  at  New 
York,  was  a  great  stroke  of  generalship. 

5.  That  which  more  than  any  one  thing 
in  the  character  of  Washington  made  the 
success  of  the  Revolution  was  his  firmness 
in   the  worst  times  and  places.      Amid  the 
ice  of  the  Delaware  and  in  the  terrible,  try 
ing  scenes  of  Valley  Forge,  he  never  for  a 
moment  lost  faith  in  the  cause. 

6.  Washington  was  perfectly  unselfish  be 
cause  he  was  perfectly  patriotic.     He  refused 
to  take  anypay.     He  refused  to  listen  when 
his  troops  proposed  to  make  him  king. 


GREAT    MEN    OF    THE    REVOLUTION. 


107 


7.  .The   person    at  whose   house  he  was  .llTellt.hestory 

1  illustrating 

quartered  at  Valley  Forge  said  that  one  day,  Washington's 

-  111  i  •         religious  char- 

while  walking  in  the  woods,  he  heard  a  voice  acter. 

as  in  supplication.  He  drew  near,  and  found 
Washington  in  prayer !  Such  was  the  char 
acter  of  the  man  who  was  called  "  First  in 
war,  first  in  peace,  and  first  in  the  hearts  of 
his  countrymen." 

BENJAMIN    FRANKLIN. 

8.  Seventy  years  be 
fore  the  Declaration  of 
Independence,  Ben 
jamin  Franklin,  the 
greatest  statesman  of  who  was  the 

greatest  states- 

the    Revolution,  was  »{««  of  the  Rev- 
born.     His  father  was 
a    soap    and    candle 
maker  in  Boston.    Af 
ter   going   to   school 

for  a  little  while,  Benjamin  was  made  to  help 
his  father ;  but  he  did  not  like  the  business, 
and  chose  to  learn  printing  with  an  elder 
brother. 

9.    When   about    nineteen    years    old,  he     His  arrival  in 

J  Philadelphia. 


olution? 


Benjamin  Franklin. 


went  to   Philadelphia,   reaching  it  on   foot, 


io8 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


How  did  be 
get  to  be  a 
leading  man  ? 


with  his  pockets  stuffed  with  shirts  and  stock 
ings,  and  a  loaf  of  bread  under  his  arm.  A 
young  lady  who  saw  him  in  this  plight  walk 
ing  along  the  street  laughed  at  him.  The 
same  young  lady  was  afterward  his  wife. 

10.  By  hard   work  as  a  printer,  and  by 
studying  late  and  early,  Franklin  soon  got  to 
be  one  of  the  leading  men,  not  only  of  Penn 
sylvania,  but  of  America.     He  was  learned 
in  science.     By  flying  a  kite  during  a  thun 
der-storm  he    brought  the   lightning   down 
from  the  clouds.     A  key  was  fastened  to  the 
string  of  the  kite,  and  when  he  saw  the  spark 
come  from  the  key,  he  made  the  discovery 
that  lightning  and  electricity  are  the  same 
thing. 

11.  Franklin  was  one  of  the  greatest  pa 
triots  of  the  Revolution.     His  most  valuable 
service  to  his  country  was  getting  the  French 
to  aid  the  colonists.     The  plain  Pennsylva- 
nian  was  a  wonderful  favorite  at  the  brilliant 
capital  of  France.     Court  and  people  were 
alike  charmed  with  his  simple  manners.  The 
French  King  finally  agreed  to  send  out  ships 
and  troops  to   America,  and   these   helped 
in  the  struggle  very  much  indeed. 


What  did  he 
find  out  about 
lightning  ? 


What  was 
Franklin's 
greatest  service? 


Tell  about 
him  in  Paris. 

Was  he  suc 
cessful  ? 


GREAT   MEN    OF    THE    REVOLUTION. 


12.    Franklin  was  a  leader  in  making  the     Did  he  help 
Constitution.    Though  then  eighty  years  old,  stitution  ? 
his  wisdom  did  much  in  laying  deep  the  foun 
dations  of  our  government.     Franklin  wrote 
his  life  in  a  book  called  his  "  Autobiography,"  ra™sy.Autobiog- 
and  every  boy  would  do  well  to  read  it. 


PATRICK    HENRY. 

13.  The  leading  ora 
tor,  who  excited  the 
people  to  rise  against 
the  tyranny  of  Great 
Britain,  was  Patrick 
Henry.  Henry  was 
a  Virginian.  In  his 
youth  he  led  a  rath 
er  wayward  life,  and 
it  was  thought  that  he 
would  not  amount  to  much.  After  a  while, 
however,  it  was  found  that  God  had  gifted 
him  with  wonderful  eloquence. 

14.  This  was  fully  discovered  in  1765, 
when  he  became  a  member  of  the  Virginia 
Legislature.  He  was  the  first  to  offer  a  reso 
lution  against  the  Stamp  Act,  and  he  made 
a  splendid  speech  on  the  subject. 


Name  the 

ading<?;'(7/^ 

the  Revolution. 


Patrick  Henry. 


What  of  his 
youth  ? 


What  was 
afterwards 
found  ? 

When  was 
this  clearly 
shown  ? 

He  was  the 
first  to  offer  a 
resolution 
against  what  ? 


I  I O  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


15.    In    the   midst  of  the  debate  he  ex- 
df  claimed>  "  Caesar  had  his  Brutus,  Charles  the 
bate.  First  his  Cromwell,  and  George  the  Third  " 

—  "  Treason !  "  cried  the  Speaker,  —  "  Trea 
son,  treason !  "  echoed  from  every  part  of  the 
house.  Henry  faltered  not  a  moment,  but, 
fixing  on  the  Speaker  an  eye  of  fire,  he 
finished  his  sentence,  —  "  may  profit  by  their 
example.  If  this  be  treason,  make  the  most 
of  it" 
HOW  did  the  ^  From  this  time,  Patrick  Henry  be- 

people  now  look  -...-.. 

on  him?  came   the   idol  of  the    people  of    Virginia. 

His  influence  was  felt,  also,  throughout  the 
what  did  he  whole  country.     He  headed  the  first  military 
movement   in    Virginia   (which    was    imme 
diately  after  the    battle  of  Lexington),  and 
drove    out   the    royal   governor,    Dunmore. 
wS0hehe!ec°tfdC?  Shortly  afterwards,   Henry  was  elected   the 
first  governor  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Vir 
ginia.     In  this  position  he  did  a  great  deal 
to  help  on  the  war. 
Describe  his        j ^    Patrick    Henry    was    nearly   six  feet 

appearance.  *  J  <          J 

high,  spare  and  raw-boned,  with  a  sunburnt 
sallow   complexion,  and  a  face   deeply  fur- 
as  an  orator?     rowed.     He  was  a  natural  orator  of  the  high 
est  order.     As   a  statesman  he  was  distin- 


man  t 


GREAT    MEN    OF    THE    REVOLUTION. 


I  I  I 


squished  for  his  boldness.     With  these  quali-     Were  not 

.  .  i  t  i  r  these  qualities 

ties  he  did  a  great  work,  at  the  early  stage  of  of  great  use  to 
the  Revolution,  in  rousing  the  people  to  the 
defence  of  their  liberties. 


Marquis  de  Lafayette. 


LAFAYETTE. 

1 8.  The  Marquis 
de  Lafayette  was  the 
brightest  example  of 
those  noble  volun 
teers  who  came  from 
Europe  to  fight  in  the 
cause  of  liberty. 

19.  Born  to  high 
rank  and  a  vast  for 
tune  in  France,  La 
fayette  crossed  the  ocean  to  give  his  sword 
to  America  when  he  was  but  nineteen  years 
old.  He  had  applied  to  the  American  agents 
in  Paris  for  passage;  but  they  were  unable  to 
furnish  him  with  a  vessel.  "  Then,"  said  he, 
"  I  will  fit  out  a  vessel  myself" ;  and  he  did  so. 
20.  Lafayette  arrived  in  America  in  1777, 
and  was  immediately  made  a  major-general. 
He  lived  in  the  military  family  of  Washing 
ton,  who  loved  him  as  a  son.  His  generosity 


What  is  said 
of  Lafayette  ? 


What  is  said 
of  him  when  he 
came  over  ? 


Relate  the 
anecdote  about 
the  vessel. 


When  did  he 
reach  America  ? 


Washington's 
opinion  of  him. 


I  I  2  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


Hisgeneros-  was  boundless,  and  when  his  troops  lacked 

ity.  . 

clothing  or  equipment  he  furnished  them  at 
his  own  expense, 
what  was  his       2 1 .    Lafayette's  most  brilliant  military  oper- 

most  brilliant  .  J  n- 

performance  in  ation  was  when  he  opposed  Lord  Lornwallis 
in  Virginia.  Afterwards  he  was  present  at 
the  siege  of  that  place,  and  led  the  storming 
of  the  redoubt  in  the  most  gallant  manner. 

22.    After  the  fall  of  Yorktown,  Lafayette 

returned  to  his  native  land.     The  last  time 

Ten  about  his  jie  visited  America  was  in  1824,  when  he  was 

last  visit.  ^' 

sixty-seven  years  old.  He  was  called  the  guest 
of  the  nation,  and  passed  through  twenty-four 
States  in  a  triumphal  procession. 

THOMAS   JEFFERSON. 

what  is  23.     Jefferson    was 

meant  by  saying  u       J 

that  Jefferson     the  great  fioliticalphi- 

was  the  greatest  °  f  * 

political  phiios-  losopker  of  the   Rev- 

opher  ?  .       .  ~.  . 

olution.  This  means 
that  he  was  the  ablest 
writer  about  the  prin 
ciples  of  our  govern 
ment. 

Give,.anac-  2  ,        J^e    wag    a  yjr.  Thomas  Jefferson, 

count  of  him. 

ginian,  and  studied  to  be  a  lawyer.     He  was 


GREAT    MEN    OF    THE    REVOLUTION. 


the  best  scholar  of  all  the  great  men  of  the     ,Teii  a,b?ut  hi? 

1      .  scholarship  and 

Revolution.      He  was  a  very  accomplished  accomplish- 
in  an,  being  a  bold  horseman,  a  skilful  hunt 
er,   a   fine    violinist,   a  brilliant   talker,   and 
well  versed  in  many  languages. 

25.  The  greatest  service  which  Jefferson     State  thc 

..  ,  ,  .  .   .  greatest  thing 

did  his  country  was  writing  the  Declaration  he  did  for  the 
of  Independence.     He  was  a  member  of  the  ° 
famous  Continental  Congress,  and  that  body 
appointed  him  to  compose  it.     It  was  signed 
by  all   the  members  of  the  Congress,  and 
adopted  July  4,  1776. 

26.  The  Declaration  says  that  "all  men     Giveapas- 

1  1    »          -T-1    •         •         ^  r  T        •  S3Se  fr°m  the 

are  created  equal.       I  his  is  the  foundation  Declaration. 

of  democracy,  which  means  government  by 

the  people. %  All  through  the  Revolution  Jef-  T  Jvhat  wf 

f     Jr  &  J         Jefferson  after- 

ferson  was  one  of  the  leading  patriots,  and  wards? 
he  became  president  of  the  United  States. 

27.  It  will   interest  the  scholar  to  know 
that  Jefferson  was  the  author  of  our  conven 
ient  denominations  of  United  States  money, 
—  the  mill,  cent,  dime,  dollar,  etc. 


GENERAL    NATHANIEL   GREENE. 

Who  was  the 

28.    After  Washington,  the  greatest  soldier  greatest  soldier 

*?  after  Washing- 

oi  the  Revolution  was  General  Greene.  ton? 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


who  was  he?       29.    Nathaniel   Greene  was  the   son  of  a 

Quaker  preacher  in  Rhode  Island.     He  first 

When  did  he  distinguished  himself 

first  distinguish 

himself?  in  the  battle  of  Lex 

ington.     Washington 
soon  saw  that  he  was 
Did  washing-  a  very  £ne  officer,  and 

ton  think  well  J 

of  him?  promoted    him    to    a 

high  command.     He 
fought    under  Wash 
ington  in  most  of  the 
battles  in  the  North. 
Ten  the  inci-        .Q>    jn  t}ie  battle  of  Germantown  an  amus- 

dent  at  German-          J 

ing  thing  happened.  Greene's  aide-de-camp, 
Major  Burner,  wore  his  hair  in  a  cue.  In 
the  heat  of  the  battle  this  cue  was  cut  off 
by  a  musket-ball.  Greene,  seeing  this,  said, 
"  Don't  be  in  haste,  Major;  just  dismount 
and  get  that  long  cue."  The  Major  did  so. 
A  few  minutes  afterward  another  shot  came 
whizzing  so  close  to  General  Greene  as  to 
take  from  his  head  a  large  powdered  curl. 
The  British  were  hotly  pursuing.  "  Don't 
be  in  haste,  General,"  said  Major  Burnet; 
"  dismount  and  get  your  curl."  The  General, 
however,  did  not  follow  the  advice. 


town. 


GREAT    MEN    OF    THE    REVOLUTION. 


,  General  Greene     what  was 

c  .  Greene's  great- 

hlS     Campaign     in     the  est  campaign  ? 

Tell  about  his 
generalship. 


31..  The  greatest 

did  in  the  war  was  his  campaign  in 
Carolinas.  He  was  several  times  forced  to 
retreat,  but  did  so  with  wonderful  skill. 
Then  he  would  swoop  back  on  the  British 
and  punish  them  severely.  Thus  by  his  fine 
generalship  the  enemy  were  at  last  forced  to 
give  up  the  whole  South. 

JOHN    PAUL   JONES. 

32.  The  greatest  na 
val  warrior  £>i\\\e  Rev 
olution  was  John  Paul 
Jones,  —  the  most  dar 
ing  captain  that  ever 
trod  a  deck. 

33.  Jones     was     a 
Scotchman,  and  went 
to  sea  when  a  mere  lad. 

John  Paul  Jones.  ]-[e    Came   tO   thlS   COUn- 

try  about  the  time  of  the  breaking  out  of  the 
war.  Congress  gave  him  a  commission  in 
1775,  and  the  mast  of  the  ship  he  was  on, 
the  Alfred,  floated  the  first  stars  and  stripes 
ever  hoisted  on  any  war  vessel. 

34.    During  the  next  three  or  four  years, 


Who  was  the 
greatest  naval 
warrior  ? 


Tell  some  of 
Jones's  history. 


He  comes  to 
this  country. 


Tell  an  inter 
esting  fact  about 
the  stars  and 
stripes. 


Il6  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


what  of  him  in  various  vessels,  he  scoured  the  hi^h  seas, 

during  the  next  .  .  ° 

few  years?        capturing  or   destroying'  scores   of    British 
ships,  and  making  descents  upon  the  British 
coasts,  where  his  name  became  a  terror. 
Mention  his         -jc     The  most  wonderful  exploit  of  John 

most  wonderful          OJ  i  •       r    i  •  i        i         r»    •   • 

exploit.  Paul  Jones  was  his  fight  with  the  British 

ship   Serapis.     The   battle  took  place  near 

where  did  the  the   coast   of  Scotland.      Jones's   ship   was 

fight  take  place?  Jm.  L 

called  the  Bon  Homme  Richard.     The  Se 

rapis  carried  heavier  metal  than  Jones's  ship. 

Jones,  however,  boldly  lashed  his  vessel  to 

Ten  about  the  the  enemy's   side.      Then,  beneath  the  pale 

beginning  of  the  ^ 

battle.  light  of  the  moon,  began  a  fearful  struggle. 


36.  The  muzzles  of  the  guns  touched,  and 
the  crews  fought  hand  to  hand,  with  musket 
and  cutlass.  Thrice  both  vessels  were  in 
flames.  After  two  hours  of  carnage  the  Brit 
ish  captain  asked  Jones  if  he  had  surrendered. 
The  little  commander  replied,  "  I  have  only 
begun  my  part  of  the  fighting." 
Ten  about  the  >,-  At  length,  after  the  Serapis  had  lost 

surrender  of  the  r 

British  captain,  over  two  hundred  men  (Jones's  loss  being 
even  greater),  her  captain  struck  his  col 
ors.  As  the  American  ship  was  leaking 
badly,  Jones  got  his  crew  on  board  the  cap 
tured  vessel,  and  the  next  morning  the  Bon 


GREAT    MEN    OF    THE    REVOLUTION.  I  I  7 


Homme    Richard   went   down.      And  thus     what  became 

of  the  Bon 

ended  the  most  daring  and  desperate  com-  Homme  Rich- 
bat  in  naval  annals. 


OTHER    DISTINGUISHED    SOLDIERS. 

38.    General  Gates  is  famous  for  his  cam-     For  what  is 

.  .  .  Gates  famous? 

paign  against  Burgoyne  in  New  York,  in 
1777.  He  forced  Burgoyne  to  surrender 
with  his  whole  army. 

30.   General  Israel  Putnam  was  one  of  the     whatofPut- 

°^  9  nam  ? 

dashing  officers  of  the  Revolution.     He  was     what  of  him 

it-          at  the  beginning 

a  farmer  in  Connecticut,  and  was  ploughing  of  the  war? 

the  field  when  the  news  of  Lexington  came 

to  him.     He  did  not  stay  even  to  unyoke  his 

oxen,  but,  mounting  his  horse,  rode  rapidly 

to  Boston.     Putnam  was  one  of  the  leading 

officers  at  Bunker  Hill.     As  the  British  ad-  H£t?Bunker 

vanced,  he  told  his  men  not  to  fire  until  they 

could  see   the  wrhites  of  the  enemies'  eyes. 

He  was  not  a  great  general,  but  he  was  very     Was  he  a 

brave,  and  his  soldiers  called  him  "  Old  Put."  ' 

40.    Another   officer   of  great   valor   was    Name  another 

0  valorous  officer 

General  Anthony  Wayne.     The  most  nota-     Relate  the 

....  i-i'i  i  •  i  i  r  most  notable 

ble  thing  which  he  did  was  the  capture  of  thing  he  did. 
Stony  Point,  an  important  British  stronghold 
on  the  Hudson.     It  was  taken  by  a,  night 


i8 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


Relate  the 
bold  feat  per 
formed  by 
Ethan  Allen. 


attack  at  the  point  of  the   bayonet.      Con 
gress  awarded  Wayne  a  medal. 

41.  One  of  the  boldest  feats  of  the  early 
part  of  the  war  was  accomplished  by  Ethan 
Allen.     With  a  small  party  he  took  by  strata 
gem  the  British  fort  of  Ticonderoga.     When 
he  ordered  the  commander  to  surrender,  that 
officer  asked  by  whose  authority.     "  In  the 
name  of  the  Great  Jehovah  and  the  Conti 
nental  Congress !  "  shouted  Allen.     The  fort, 
with  all  its  cannon,  was  given  up. 

42.  Of  the  gallant  officers  who  were  killed 
during  the  war,  remember  two  names  in  par 
ticular, —  Joseph  Warren,  the  noble  patriot, 
killed  at  Bunker   Hill;  and  General   Mont 
gomery,  who  fell  in  an  assault  on  Quebec. 

43.  There  is  one  other  name  which  should 
be  cherished  by  every  American.     It  is  that 
of  Robert  Morris.      He  was  not  a  soldier, 
but  he  did  a  great  deal  to  supply  what  is 
called  the  "  sinewrs  of  war,"  that  is,  money. 
Morris  managed  the  finances  of  the  country. 
It  was  he  that  enabled  Washington  to  march 
and  fight  by  furnishing  him  with  funds  and 
supplies.     Do  you  not  say,  therefore,  that  he, 
too,  was  a  noble  patriot  ? 


What  two  gal 
lant  officers 
killed  during 
the  war  are 
named  ? 


What  other 
name  is  men 
tioned  ? 

What  was  he  ? 


Tell  about 
Morris. 


A    REVIEW    LESSON. 


IV.    A    REVIEW   LESSON. 


1.  We  have  now  gone  over  what  period  ? 
The  period  of  the  American  Rev 
olution. 

2.  What  was  the  catise  of  the  Revolu 
tion  ? 

The  injustice  of  Great  Britain  in 
taxing  the  American  colonies. 

3.  Where  did  the  war  break  out  ? 
In  Massachusetts. 

4.  Name  the  early  battles  and  tell  the 
result. 

Battle  of  Lexington,  April  19, 
1775,  American  success ;  Bunker 
Hill,  June  17,  1775,  the  British  held 
the  field,  but  the  battle  was  as  good 
as  a  victory  to  the  Americans. 
Washington  took  command  in  July, 
besieged  the  British,  and  forced  them 
to  evacuate  Boston  in  March,  1776. 

5.  What  is  the  date  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence  ? 

July  4,  1776. 

6.  Give  an  account  of  the  campaign  in 
New  York. 

It  began  in  August,  1776,  with"  the 
battle  of  Long  Island.  The  British 
were  victorious.  Washington  had 
then  to  give  up  New  York  City  ;  he 


retreated  up  the  Hudson,  and  the 
British  took  Fort  Washington. 
The  whole  campaign  in  New  York 
was  a  failure  for  the  Americans. 

7.  Give  an  account  of  the  campaign  in 
New  Jersey. 

Washington  retreated  through 
New  Jersey,  and  retired  behind  the 
Delaware  into  Pennsylvania.  But 
on  Christmas  night  of  1776  he  re- 
crossed  the  Delaware,  captured  a 
large  body  of  the  enemy  at  Trenton, 
and  forced  the  British  to  go  back  to 
the  northern  part  of  the  State.  This 
campaign  was,  on  the  whole,  a  fine 
success. 

8.  Give  an  account  of  the  campaign  in 
Pennsylvania. 

In  the  summer  of  1777  the  British 
moved  from  New  York  by  water  to 
Pennsylvania.  Washington's  army 
marched  overland,  and  the  two  met 
on  the  Brandywine.  The  Ameri 
cans  were  defeated.  This  enabled 
the  British  to  take  Philadelphia. 
The  campaign  was  unsuccessful  for 
the  Americans.  The  army  wintered 
at  Valley  Forge. 


I2O 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


9.  Give  an  account  of  Burgoyne' s  cam 
paign. 

Burgoyne  invaded  New  York,  but 
was  met  by  the  Americans  under 
General  Schuyler,  and  afterwards 
under  Gates.  Two  severe  actions 
were  fought  near  Saratoga,  and 
Burgoyne  surrendered  his  whole 
army  at  Saratoga,  October  17,  1777. 

10.  When    did   the  French    help    the 

Americans  ? 

In  1778,  by  sending  out  war  ves 
sels  and  troops. 

1 1 .  What  was  the  effect  of  this  ? 

The  British  gave  up  Philadelphia 
and  retreated  to  New  York.  Wash 
ington  followed  them,  fighting  one 
indecisive  action  at  Monmouth,  and 
then  took  position  at  "White  Plains, 
N.  Y.  Nothing  important  took 
place  between  the  two  armies  in 
New  York  after  this. 

12.  To  what  place  was  the  "war  now 
shifted? 

To  the  South. 

13.  Give  an  account  of  the  campaign  in 
the  South  ? 

The  British  sent  a  large  force  to 
the  South  at  the  end  of  1779.  They 
captured  Savannah  and  Charles 
ton,  and  overran  all  Georgia  and 
South  Carolina.  An  army  was 
sent  down  there  under  General 


Gates,  in  1780,  but  the  British  were 
most  successful.  General  Greene 
then  took  command.  He  had  often 
to  retreat,  but  he  managed  very  well, 
and  finally  cooped  the  British  up  in 
Charleston,  where  they  stayed  till 
the  end  of  the  war. 

14.  What  was  the  best  battle  of  the  war  ? 
The  siege  of  Yorktown,  Virginia. 

15.  TeH  about  it. 

Lord  Cornwallis  was  with  an 
army  at  Yorktown.  Washington 
moved  rapidly  from  New  York  to 
that  place.  He  was  joined  by  a 
French  force  under  Rochambeau 
and  a  French  fleet  under  Count  de 
Grasse.  They  besieged  the  British, 
and  Cornwallis  surrendered  his 
whole  army,  October  19,  1781. 

1 6.  What  took  place  the  next  year  ? 
Negotiations  for  peace. 

1 7.  When  was  the  treaty  of  peace  signed  ? 
September  3,  1783. 

1 8.  What  was  our  government  called  at 
this  time  ? 

The  Confederation, 

19.  When  did  the  United  States  tinder 
the  Constitution  begin  ? 

March  4,  1789. 

20.  Who  was  the  first  president  of  the 
United  States  ? 

George  Washington. 


THE    TIMES    OF    WASHINGTON.  121 

PART    III. 

THE    UNITED    STATES. 


I.    THE   TIMES   OF   WASHINGTON. 

1.  WITH  the  founding  of  the  government 

under  the   Constitution    begins   the  history  our  country  as 

r  T        TT  o  the  United 

of  our  country  as  the  UNITED  STATES.  states  begin? 

2.  You  will  remember  that  our  country     Mention  the 

J    first  period  of 

was,  first  of  all,  under  the  rule  of  England,  our  country's 
and  consisted    of  British   colonies.      Then,     The  second. 
that  the  colonies  rebelled  (1775),   and   de 
clared    their   independence  (1776).      Finally,     The  third. 
that   the    Constitution   was    made,   and    the 
Union  under  which  we  are  now  living  was 
established,  1789. 

3.  Washington  was  the  first  president  of    when  and 

'  °  .       where  was 

the    Union.      He   was  inaugurated,  that  is,  Washington 

11  7  •  i  A        -1  r>        inaugurated? 

he  began  to  be  president,  April  30,  1789. 
The  capital  of  the  Union  was  at  this  time 
New  York,  and  it  was  on  the  balcony  of 
the  old  Federal  Hall  that  Washington  swore 
to  support  the  Constitution. 

4.  As  you  advance  in  your  studies,  you 


122  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


will  be  able  to  understand  better  about  the 

government  of  our  country.    For  the  present, 

HOW  many     try  to  remember  that  the   Constitution  has 

branches  of  the       J 

government  are  arranged  that  the  United  States  government 

there?  in- 

shall  consist  of  three  branches  :  — 
what  is  the       Jhe  executive  branch,  —  that  is,  the  Presi- 

executive 

branch?  dent,  who  executes  the  laws. 

Theiegisia-         The   legislative  branch,  —  which    is   Con- 

tive  ? 

gress,  consisting  of  the  Senate  and  House  of 
Representatives:  this  is  the  \xw-making power. 

The  judicial  ?  The  judicial  branch,  —  which  consists  of 
the  Supreme  Court,  whose  duty  it  is  to  inter 
pret  the  law. 

Ten  how  the       5.    Now,  under  President  Washington,  our 

government  was  .  . 

put  in  motion     government    was    put   into   operation    very 

under  Wash-  ,  .     .  ,      ^  .       ^ 

ington.  much  as  it  is  now,  —  that  is,  Congress,  com 

posed  of  representatives,  elected  by  the  peo 
ple,  met  to  make  laws ;  and  Washington, 
with  his  assistants  (called  his  Cabinet),  be 
gan  to  administer  the  government. 

diiSiesT6         6*  You  would  know  without  being  told  that 

there   must  have  been   many  difficulties  in 

what  was  the  starting  the  government.     One  great  trouble 

great  trouble  ? 

was  that  the  country  was  very  deeply  in  debt, 
what  is  said       ^     One  of  the  great  men  of  Washington's 

of  Alexander  '  & 

Hamilton?        Cabinet  was  Alexander  Hamilton.     He  was 


THE    TIMES    OF    WASHINGTON.  123 

Secretary  of  the  Treasury.  He  proposed  a 
plan  which  Congress  adopted,  and  by  which 
the  heavy  debts  of  the  Revolutionary  war 
were  paid,  and  means  were  obtained  for  car 
rying  on  the  government. 

8.  There   were    several    other  difficulties 
which  had  to  be  met,  —  difficulties  at  home 
about  taxes,  and  on  the  western  frontier  with 
the  Indians,  and  disputes  with  England  and 

France.     But  during  Washington's  adminis-  set^eedre?  they  a11 
tration  these  things  were  all  settled. 

9.  The    time    for   which    a   president  is 
elected  is  four  years  ;  but  after  this  he  may  \ 

be  chosen  for  a  second  term.     Washington  was  president  ? 
was  re-elected ;  hence  he  was  president  for 
eight  years,  that  is,  from  1789  to  1797. 

10.  The  people  would  have  been  very  glad  j 

to  elect  Washington  for  a  third  term  ;  but  he  elected  ? 
would  not  consent.     He  retired  to  his  home 
at  Mount  Vernon,  where  he  died  December  wh^h|[J 
14,  1799.     Remember  this  date  by  thinking  die? 
that  it  was  in  the  last  month  of  last  century. 

11.  In  reading  about  the  United  States  in 
the  times  of  Washington,  you  must  try  and 
picture  to  yourself  something  very  different  now? 
from  our  country  at  present. 


I  24 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


Teli  about  the 

number  of  States 

then. 


theThfiikdrit°ry 


pie  then  and 

now. 


what  two 

great  means  of 

travel  were 

lacking  then  ? 


what  other 

matters  were  in 

their  infancy  ? 


what  of  our 

country  as  a 

young  nation? 


z  2.  There  were  then  but  fifteen  States,  — 
the  old  Thirteen,  together  with  Vermont,  ad 
mitted  into  the  Union  in  1789,  and  Ken- 
tucky  in  Z792-  These  filled  hardly  more 
than  the  narrow  strip  along  the  Atlantic  sea- 
coast,  east  of  the  Alleghanies  ;  whereas  our 
country  now  stretches  across  the  entire 
American  continent  from  the  Atlantic  to 
the  Pacific. 

*  3'  The  P°Pulation  of  the  United  States 
in  Washington's  time  was  only  about  four 

.... 

millions,  which  is  not  more  than  one  tenth  of 
the  people  inhabiting  our  broad  Union. 
14.    In  Washington's  time,  there  was  not  a 

T  ° 

steamboat  on  any  American  waters.     There 

J  . 

was  not  a  mile  of  railroad  or  telegraph  on 
any  part  of  the  American  continent.  The 
commerce  of  the  United  States  was  very 

..         „.,  .  i       i          TVT 

small.  1  he  mines  were  not  worked.  No 
cotton  or  sugar  —  two  of  our  country's 
greatest  products  now  —  was  raised. 

l  r     In  fact,  the  United  States  was  a  youn^ 

m 

nation  setting  up  for  itself  in  the  world,  — 
not  with  a  very  large  capital,  but  rich  in 
pluck,  energy,  faith,  and  virtue,  and  with  a 
broad  continent  on  which  to  write  its  future. 


OUR    PRESIDENTS.  125 


II.    OUR    PRESIDENTS. 


i.    HERE  is  a  list  of  the  presidents  of  our     what  list  is 

nere 


.  -11 

country.  It  is  not  to  be  memorized  ;  but 
read  it  over  carefully,  so  that  you  may  be 
able  to  turn  to  it  again. 

2.  First  president,  —  George  Washington,     Administra- 

.    .          ~  tionofWash- 

of  Virginia,     iwo  terms,  1789  to  1797.  ington. 

3.  Second   president,  —  John  Adams, 
Massachusetts.     One  term,  1797  to  1801. 

4.  Third   president,  --  Thomas  Jefferson,     or  Jefferson. 
of  Virginia.     Two  terms,  1801  to  1809. 

5.  Fourth  president,  —  James  Madison,  of    or  Madison. 
Virginia.     Two  terms,  1809  to  1817. 

6.  Fifth   president,  —  James    Monroe,   of    QfMonroe. 
Virginia.     Two  terms,  1817  to  1825. 

7.  Sixth  president,  —  John  Ouincy  Adams,  _  9f  J°hn 

'  J  J  >  Qumcy  Adams. 

of  Massachusetts.     One  term,  1825  to  1829. 

8.  Seventh  president,  —  Andrew  Jackson,     of  Jackson. 
of  Tennessee.     Two  terms,  1829  to  1837. 

9.  Eighth  president,  —  Martin    Van   Bu-     OfVan 
ren,  of  N.  Y.     One  term,  1837  to  1841. 

10.  Ninth  president,  —  William  H.  Har-     or  Harrison. 


126 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


Of  Tvler. 


Of  Polk. 
Of  Taylor. 
Of  Fillmore. 

Of  Pierce. 

Of  Buchanan. 
Of  Lincoln. 

Of  Johnson. 
Of  Grant. 


rison,  of  Ohio.     Was  inaugurated  March  4, 
1841,  and  died  within  a  month. 

11.  Tenth    president, -- John    Tyler,    of 
Virginia.       Had    been    vice-president  under 
Harrison,  on  whose  death  he  became  presi 
dent  ;  served  out  the  term,  that  is,  till  1845. 

12.  Eleventh  president,  —  James  K.  Polk, 
of  Tennessee.     One  term,  1845  to  1849. 

1 3.  Twelfth  president,  —  Zachary  Taylor, 
of  Louisiana.     Died  in  office,  1850. 

14.  Thirteenth  president,  —  Millard  Fill- 
more,  of  N.  Y. ;  vice-president  under  Taylor, 
and  served  till  the  end  of  the  term,  1853. 

15.  Fourteenth      president,  —    Franklin 
Pierce,    of    New    Hampshire.      One    term, 
1853  to  1857. 

1 6.  Fifteenth  president, —  James  Buchan 
an,  of  Penn.     One  term,  1857  to  1861. 

1 7.  Sixteenth  president,  —  Abraham  Lin 
coln,  of  Illinois.     Served  from  1861  to  1865. 
Re-elected,  but  assassinated  in  April,  1865. 

1 8.  Seventeenth    president,  —  Andrew 
Johnson,  of  Tennessee;  vice-president  under 
Lincoln,  and  served  till  1869. 

19.  Eighteenth    president, —  Ulysses    S. 
Grant,  of  Illinois.     Became  president,  1869. 


y  y 


* 


Daniel  Boone  in  Kentucky. 


III.    THE    GREAT   WEST. 


BOONE    AND    KENTUCKY. 

i .  THE  story  of  the  pioneers  who 
settled  the  great  West  is  one  of  the 
most  interesting  and  romantic  chap 
ters  in  the  history  of  our  country. 
The  first  three  settlements  beyond 
the  Alleghany  Mountains  were  made 
in  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  and  Ohio.  It  was  from  these 
places  that  population  gradually  spread,  and  settled  the 
whole  West. 


128  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 

who  was  the      2.    The  first  pioneer  who  began  a  settle- 

earhest  pio 
neer  ?  ment    in    the    vast   wilderness    was     Daniel 

Boone.     He  was  born   in    North   Carolina. 

teiuboutan  y°U  Being  very  f°nd  °f  a  wild,  free  life,  Boone 

Boone?  left  his   home    about   six   years   before    the 

American  Revolution  began,  and  with  a  few 

companions  threaded  his  way  to  the  country 

south  of  the  Ohio  River. 

Give  a  de-  ,     Standing  on  the  banks  of  that  stream, 

scnption  of  the  u 

country  he  saw.  he  looked  abroad  over  a  limitless  landscape 

of   stream,   wood,  and   hill.      Over  its  face 

roamed  vast  herds  of  buffalo.     It  was  the 

home  of  many  tribes  of  savage  Indians ;  but 

why  did        for  these   Boone  was  well    prepared,   being 

Boone  not  fear  f 

the  Indians  ?      himself  a  sort  of  Indian  and  a  mighty  hunter. 
Describe  his    He  wore  a  cap  of  fur  and  the  buckskin  dress 

dress  and  arms. 

of  the  red  man,  and  was  armed  with  hunt 
ing-knife  and  rifle,  as  you  see  him  pictured 
on  the  previous  page. 

adventures* Ws      4*    Boone    nad    many   daring  adventures 

and  hair-breadth  escapes  among  the  savages. 

He  was  several  times  captured,  but  always 

what  of  his    got  away.     His  companions  were  not  so  for- 

companions  ?        ° 

tunate,  for  three  of  them  were  killed  by  the 
Indians  and  one  was  eaten  by  wolves ;  so 
finally  Boone  and  his  brother  were  left  alone. 


THE    GREAT    WEST.  I2Q 


However,  they  built  themselves  a  cabin  of    What  did  he 

and  his  brother 

poles  and  bark,  and  stayed  there  hunting  and  now  do  ? 
fishing  and  surveying  the  broad  country. 

5.  After   remaining   two    or  three  years, 
they  returned  home  to  bring  out  their  wives 
and   children,    and  were  joined    by  several 

other   families.      In    I77S    (which    you    will    ,whe"arV? 

J  where  did  they 

remember  was  in  the  same  year  as  the  battle  settle  down  ? 
of  Lexington),  they  settled  in  Kentucky  at  a 
place  which  they  called  Boonesborough. 

6.  Two  or  three  years  after  this,  Boone  „ Re]ate   , 

J         .  Boone's  adven- 

was  captured  by  the  Indians.  .  They  took  a  ture  with  the  in- 
great  fancy  to  him  and  treated  him  kindly, 
but  he  made  his  escape,  and  after  traveling 
i6o^miles  in  four  days  rejoined  his  family. 

7.  The  settlements  at  first  suffered  greatly  T  what  of  the 

•'    Indians  ? 

from  the  Indians,  who  were  very  hostile. 
Many  dreadful  deeds  were  done  in  early 
times.  The  name  Kentucky  means,  in  In-  .  Mea™ngof 

J  '  the  word  Ken- 

dian,  "  the  dark  and  bloody  ground,"  and  so  tucky- 
indeed  it  was  in  the  times  of  Boone. 

8.  You  must  not  think  that  Kentucky  was     Was  Ken- 

J  tucky  a  State  at 

a  State  at  this  time,  for  it  was  then  under  the  this  time  ? 
government  of  Virginia.     After  the  war  of 
the    Revolution,    large    numbers   of  people 
from  Virginia  and  North  Carolina  went  to 


I3O 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


Kentucky,  and  in  1792  (which  was  in  Wash 
ington's  administration)  it  came  into  the 
Union  as  a  State. 


what  state  ? 


TENNESSEE. 

9'  Tennessee  at  first  belonged  to  North 
Carolina.  It  was  settled  by  a  colony  of  peo- 
who  settled  pie  wno  fled  from  the  ill  treatment  of  the 
British  in  the  Carolinas,  in  the  war  of  the  Rev- 
°luti°n-  They  found  a  home  on  the  Cumber 
land  River,  near  where  Nashville  now  is. 

Ia  Tennessee  became  a  State  in  1796, 
ancj  was  ^e  mother  of  many  other  States  in 

/ 

tied  from  there  ?  the  great  valley  of  the  Mississippi. 


what  other 

States  were  set- 


OHIO. 

Ohio1?0  settled  1  1  -  Ohio  wras  settled  by  a  company  from 
New  England.  There  were  about  fifty  of 
the  band,  who  were  led  by  Rufus  Putnam 
(a  son  of  "Old  Put").  In  the  year  1787 

^  Tell  how  they  they  reached  Pittsburg,  where  they  built  a 

boat    which  they  named   the  "  Mayflower." 

Launching  her  on  the  Ohio,  these  new  Pil 

grims  sailed  down  stream  for  five  days,  and 

where  did     finally  made  a  settlement  at  a  place  which 

they  make  their  * 

first  settlement  ?  they  named  Marietta  \May-re-e?  ta~\ 


THE    GREAT    WEST. 


12,.    Other  emigrants  from  New  England     what  sort  of 

.    .  r  people  joined 

soon   joined    them.      Ihey  were  intelligent,  them? 
hardy,  and  moral    people,  and  Washington  ,1TH?Vrdid 

•/'  .  &  Washington 

took  great  interest  in  this  first  settlement  of  feel  about  it  ? 
the  Northwest. 

13.  At  this  time  the  woods  and  prairies     Tel]  about the 

,  .  x  Indians  in  Ohio. 

of  Ohio  swarmed  with  Indians.  They  were 
very  hostile  to  the  whites,  who  now  began 
to  overrun  their  hunting-grounds.  War  fi  w^ of  the 
soon  broke  out.  Several  battles  took  place, 
in  which  the  Indians  were  successful.  After 
ward  General  Anthony  Wayne  (whom  you  .  who  was  put 

J  J  •'in  command  ? 

remember  as  the  bold  officer  that  captured 
Stony  Point)  was  put  in  command. 

14.  Little  Turtle,  who  was  the  chief  of  the  LiJ1e 
Indians,  said  that  the  whites  had  now  a  lead-  said- 
er  who  never  slept,  and  advised  the  tribes 

to  make  peace.     But  they  would  not.     In  a 
great  battle  the    savages  were  defeated  by  ,  wh,en 

&  '    they  defeated  ? 

Wayne,  who,  in  1795,  forced  them  to  make  the  treaty. 
a  treaty,  giving  up  the  whole  of  Ohio.  In  oS^alT 
the  year  1802,  Ohio  came  into  the  Union.  State? 

15.  Tens    of  thousands    of   settlers   now 

moved  to  the  West,  and  the  great  States  of  c  what  other 

States  were 

Indiana,  Illinois,  Iowa,  Michigan,  and  Wis-  founded  ? 
consin  were  one  by  one  added  to  the  Union. 


132  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


IV.    THE   SECOND   WAR   WITH    ENGLAND. 


HOW  long  im    THE   United   States  were   not   twenty 

was  it  ere  our 

government  had  years  old  before  they  had  to  go  to  war  with 

to  go  to  war  .       .  ^.   . 

with  England  ?    England    a   second    time.       I  his   war    was 
HOW  long  did  called  the  war  of  1812,  because  it  began  in 

it  last  ?  -  Tiii  i 

that  year.     It  lasted   about  two  years,   and 
ended  early  in  1815. 

2.  Now  you  must  try  to  understand  the 
what  two  na-  cause  of  this  contest.     For  several  years  be- 

tions  of  Europe  . 

were  at  war  ?      fore  it  began,  France,  headed  by  the  great 

Napoleon,  was  at  war  with  England.     The 

govlrhnm^t°ur  United  States  said  that  they  would  not  side 

say ?  with  either  nation,  that  is,  that  they  would  be 

neutral.      But    Napoleon    would   not  have 

American    ships    trade    with     the     British. 

England  also  was  not  willing  to  have  Ameri- 

didWEhnagianders  can  shiPs  trade  with  the  French.     Napoleon 
and  France       made    an     order   closing    British   ports     to 

make  in  regard  £> 

to  American      American    vessels,    and    England    did    the 

ships?  .  & 

same  with  regard  to  the  French  ports. 

3.  England  pretended  that  American  ves 
sels  were  not  obeying  this  order,  and  so  Brit- 


THE    SECOND    WAR    WITH    ENGLAND.  133 


ish  men-of-war  began  capturing  them.     Hun-     why  did  the 

.     &          .    J  .  British  begin 

areas  of  American  ships  were  thus  taken.       capturing  our 
4.    Besides  this,  England  said  that  she  had  s 


a  right  to  search  American  vessels  to  see  if    w^J™181^ 

o  t  Rightof  Search? 

they  had  on  board  of  them  any  sailors  be 

longing  to  Great  Britain.     On  this  pretence     Ten  what  was 

u  •  i    j        j  done- 

our  ships  were  searched,  and  many  seamen 

were  taken  from  them  and  forced  to  serve  in 

the  British  navy.     In  some  cases  the  sailors     who  vvere 

some  of  the 

taken  had  been  naturalized  in  this  country,  sailors  taken  ? 
others    were   American-born    citizens.     The 
English  naval  officers  behaved  in  a  very  in 
solent  way. 

5.  At  last  the  American  government  would  go^rhne^f  r°eur 
not  put  up  with  this  high-handed  conduct  ^-g?tostand 
any  longer,  and  in  1812  declared  war  against 
England.     James  Madison,  the  fourth  in  the 

list,  was  then  president. 

RAIDS    INTO    CANADA. 

6.  The    Americans    began    the   war   by  ^j^^^0^. 
making  raids  into  Canada,  but  these  did  not  ada  •? 

What  place 

amount  to  much.     On  the  other  hand,  the  did  the  British 
British  captured  Detroit. 

7.  In  the  second  year  of  the  war,  General 
Dearborn,  the  American  commander-in-chief, 


134  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 

Tell  what       Sent  a  force  which  took  York,  now  Toronto. 

places  the  . 

Americans  took  Another  force  moved  against  tort  George, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Niagara  River,  and  cap 
tured  it.  After  a  while  most  of  the  troops 
were  taken  elsewhere.  Then  the  British 
turned  the  tables  on  the  Americans.  They 
recaptured  Fort  George,  and  made  several 
what  of  these  raids  into  Northern  New  York,  plundering 

places  after 
wards  ?  and  burning  settlements. 

Were  the  sea-       g4    While  most  of  the  land  operations  of 

fights  better 

than  the  land  the  years  1812  and  1813  did  not  turn  out 
well  for  the  Americans,  our  navy  performed 
a  number  of  brilliant  exploits.  Those  gal- 

Of thereat"6    lant   sailors'   Porter  and  Decatur  and  Bain- 
saiiors.  bridge,  captured  many  a  British  war-ship. 

Tell  the  story      Q     Captain  Lawrence,  in  the  frigate  Chesa- 

of  Lawrence.  <^> 

peake,  attacked  the  British  frigate  Shannon 
near  Boston  Harbor.  Lawrence  was  mor 
tally  wounded,  but  his  dying  order,  "  Don't 
give  up  the  ship,"  became  the  watchword  of 
American  sailors. 

NAVAL    OPERATIONS. 

the^lnde^t8          io.    The  grandest  naval  victory  of  the  war 
victory?  was  gained  September  io,  1813,  by  Commo 

dore  Perry  on  Lake  Erie.     The  American 


THE    SECOND    WAR    WITH    ENGLAND. 


Perry's  Victory  on  Lake  Erie. 

fleet  consisted  of  nine  vessels, 
the  British  of  six,  but  these 
carried  more  cannon  than  our 
ships. 

1 1.  Perry's  flag-ship  was  the 
Lawrence,  named  in  honor  of  the  brave  commander  of 
the  Chesapeake.  (See  page  134,  Tf  9.)  A  flag  bearing 
that  hero's  dying  words,  "  Don't  give  up  the  ship,"  was 


QUESTIONS.  —  What  of  the  two  fleets  ?    Name  the  flag-ship. 


136  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


what  was      displayed  as  the  signal  for  action,  and  the 

the  signal?  £     •> 

fight  began. 
Describe  the        T  2.    The   British  vessels   leveled   most  of 

British  fire  on 

the  flag-ship,  their  guns  at  the  Lawrence.  For  two  hours 
they  poured  in  their  broadsides,  till  her  can 
non  were  dismounted,  and  she  lay  upon  the 
water  almost  a  wreck.  Only  fourteen,  out  of 
her  crew  of  one  hundred  men,  were  unhurt. 
what  had  z  o  j|-  was  now  clear  that  he  must  make  his 

now  to  be  done  ? 

way  to  another  vessel,  —  a  very  dangerous 

dar?n"Cdebedhis    thin§  to  do>     Taking  his  battle-flag  with  him, 

he  descended  into  an  open  boat  and  made  his 

way  to  the  Niagara,  under  fire  of  the  whole 

fleet  of  the  enemy.     (See  illustration,  p.  135.) 

Give  an  ac-         Izi     The    hearty   cheers  with    which  the 

count  of  Perry  s  .  J 

attack  and  the    American  sailors  greeted   Perry's  deed  were 

British  surren-      _  i   •    i     i  1-1'       r 

der.  followed  by  the  thick  broadsides  of  their  ves 

sels.     In  fifteen  minutes  the  entire   British 

squadron  surrendered,  and  Perry  was  able 

His  pithy  de-  to  write  his  pithy  despatch,  "  We  have  met 

spatch.  ,      i  „ 

the  enemy,  and  they  are  ours. 


AMERICAN    VICTORIES    IN    CANADA. 

r5-*In  tne  summer  of  1814,  the  Ameri- 

ries  in  Canada    cans  won  several  victories  -pn  the  Canadian 
in  1814. 

Chippew7a  and  Lundy's  Lane  were 


THE    SECOND    WAR    WITH    ENGLAND. 


137 


the    most  important.      In    the   latter   battle     what  officer 

•  .    A  was  at  Lundy's 

General  Winfield  Scott,  who  afterwards  led  Lane? 
the  Americans  in  the  Mexican  war,  greatly 
distinguished  himself. 

1 6.    These  successes  drove  the  British  from     Their  effect- 
the  Niagara  frontier. 

BATTLE    OF    LAKE    CHAMPLAIN. 


.  take  place  ? 

The  com 
manders  ? 


17.  In    September,    1814,    the    beautiful  wl^nh^Jhned 
Lake  Champlain  was  the  scene  of  another  n^  ^vraj  ?fisht 
great  naval  combat. 

1 8.  The  American  fleet  was  under  Com 
modore  McDonough,  the  British  under  Com 
modore      Downie. 
For  more  than  two 
hours   the    hostile 
squadrons    poured 
their  fire  into  each 

other.     Nearly  all  co£™c' 
the     British   ships  fisht- 
were  sunk  or  taken, 

and  when  the  action  closed  there  was  not  a 

mast  standing  in  either  fleet. 

19.  The   victory   of  the    Americans  was 
hailed  with  shouts  of  joy  by  thousands  of 
spectators  gathered  on  the  shore. 


138 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


speak  of  the 

fight  at  Platts- 

burg. 


2o.  During  this  battle  the  British  land 
forces  attacked  the  Americans  at  Plattsburg, 
which  was  near  by.  They  were  repulsed, 
and  when  the  fleet  surrendered,  the  British 
army  beat  a  hasty  retreat. 

THE   BRITISH   AT  WASHINGTON  AND   BALTIMORE. 

Give  an  ac-         2i.    In    August,     1  8  1  4,    a    British    force 

count  of  the  at-  .  . 

tack  on  Wash-    marched    against   the   city  of   Washington, 

1.1,11  i    r        i      • 

which  then  had  no  troops  to  defend  it. 
They  burned  the  Capitol  and  other  public 
buildings,  and  went  back  to  their  ships. 

22.  The  British  then  sailed  to  the  neigh 
borhood  of  Baltimore,  and  bombarded  Fort 
Me  Henry  without  success.     There  was  also 
a  skirmish  near  Baltimore,  but  as  the  British 
general,  Ross,  was  killed,  the  enemy  retreated 
to  their  ships  an^l  sailed  away. 

23.  It  was  during   the    bombardment  of 
Fort  Me  Henry  that   our  beautiful  national 
song^    "The    Star-Spangled    Banner,"   was 
composed  by  Francis  S.  Key. 


ngton. 


theYnexet 


Banner 


which  was 

the  last  battle  ? 


BATTLE    OF    NEW    ORLEANS. 

24.   The  last  action   of  the  war  was  the 

_  T  ...  . 

famous  battle  of  New  Orleans.     A  force  of 


THE    SECOND    WAR   WITH    ENGLAND.  139 

twelve  thousand  of  the  best  English  troops     Tel1  about 

1  L       the  British  force. 

under  Sir  Edward  rackenham  approached 
that  city,  January  8,  1 8 1 5.  It  was  defended  by 
General  Andrew  Jackson,  with  six  thousand  The  Amen- 

can. 

militia. 

25.  Jackson  had  intrenched  his  men  be-  ^^0^°" 
hind  a  long  embankment.     As  the    British  battle- 
lines  advanced,  they  were  met  by  a  deadly 

fire  from  the  rifles  of  American  marksmen, 
and  mowed  down  in  great  numbers. 

26.  It  was  an  overwhelming  defeat  to  the     who  beat? 
British.     Their    commander    fell,    and    over    Ten  the  losses 

on  each  side. 

two  thousand  were  killed  or  wounded.  The 
American  loss  was  only  thirteen ! 

PEACE. 

27.  Perhaps  you  will  be  surprised  to  learn     Had  a  treaty 
that  the  battle  of  New  Orleans  was  fought  already  made  ? 
after  a  treaty  of  peace  had  been  made.     The 

treaty  had  been  signed  at  Ghent,  in  Belgium,  t 

a  fortnight  before,  but  the  news  had  not  then  fought  ? 

reached  this  country. 


I4O  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


V.    GROWTH    OF    OUR   COUNTRY. 


BEYOND    THE    MISSISSIPPI. 

when  was          It    IN  1 803  the  United  States  bought  from 

the  Louisiana 

Purchase  made,  France  the  vast  territory  between  the  Missis- 

and  what  was  .  .  ._       „  .      . 

it  ?  sippi  River  and  the  Pacific  Ocean.      I  his  is 

called  the  "  Louisiana  Purchase." 

what  power       2.    The  whole  country  west  of  the  Missis- 
had  claimed  it  ?  J 

sippi  had  been  claimed  by  Spain.     But  in 
TO  what  na-    the  year   1802,  Spain  eave  up  her  ri^ht  to 

tion  did  she  J  .         . 

give  it  up  ?        France.     At  this  time,  Napoleon  the  Great 
what  did  Na-  was    ruler   of   France.     He   offered   to  sell 

poleon  offer  to  ..  .         T  T     •       i     <^  r*  /- 

do?  Louisiana  to   the    United  States  for  fifteen 

who  bought   million  dollars.      Jefferson,  who  was   presi- 

it,  and  when  ?        .  .          .  .  .       .     . 

dent  at  the  time,  bought  it  in  1803. 
Name  the  first       3.    The  first  State  carved  out  of  this  pur- 

State  carved  out      ,  T         .    .  ,.,  .  . 

of  it?  chase  was   Louisiana,  which  came  into  the 

When  admit-    TT.  .  -r>,i-  HAT- 

ted?  Union  in  1812.     But  this  was  not  all.     You 

will  see  what  a  great  thing  this  purchase  was 

for  the  United  States,  when  you  learn  that 

Name  the       it  covered  what  afterwards  became  the  ereat 

other  States  ri\/r«  •  /  •  i      •  *~ 

afterwards         States  of  Missouri  (admitted  1821),  Arkansas 
.     (admitted  1836),  Iowa  (admitted  1846),  Min- 


GROWTtt    OF    OUR    COUNTRY.  141 


nescxta  (admitted  1858),  Kansas  (admitted 
1861),  and  Nebraska  (admitted  1867). 

4.  Besides  this,  the  purchase  of  Louisiana 

gave  the  United  States  control  of  both  sides  this  give  us? 
of  the  Mississippi  and  all  its  tributaries.    Na 
poleon  said  about  it:  "  This  accession  of  ter-     what  did  Na- 

poleon  say  ? 

ritory  strengthens  forever  the  power  of  the 
United  States,  and  I  have  just  given  to  Eng 
land  a  maritime  rival  that  will  sooner  or 
later  humble  her  pride."  This  prophecy  came  when  did 

*  this  come  true  ? 

true  in  the  war  of  1812,  as  you  have  seen. 

HAMILTON    AND    BURR. 

5.  In  1804  a  great  sensation  was  made  in     whose  death 

°  caused  great 

the  country  by  the  death  of  Alexander  Ham-  feeling? 
ilton,  who,  yoii  remember,  was  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury  under  Washington. 

6.  Aaron  Burr,  then  Vice-President  of  the  Aa^a^r  ? 
United  States,  a  very  talented  but  bad  man,  . 

was  a  rival  of  Hamilton's.     He  challenged  th™ef  out 
him  to  fight  a  duel,  which  took  place  at  Wee- 
hawken,  and  Hamilton  was  killed. 

7.  Burr  now  disappeared  from  public  view,    what  now  be- 

'  r  came  of  Burr  ? 

but  he  afterwards  turned  up  out  West,  where 
he  is  said  to  have  made  a  conspiracy  to  sep 
arate  the  Western  States  from  the  Eastern. 


142 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


why  was  he    He  was  arrested  and  tried  for  treason,  but 

let  off  ? 

as  our  government  could  not  prove  that  he 
had  been  doing  this,  he  was  set  free. 


Where  are  the 
Barbary  States  ? 


What  of  their 
pirates  ? 


What  did  our 
government  do 
about  it  ? 


What  made 
the  President 
punish  them  ? 


Tell  about  the 
capture  of  the 
Philadelphia. 


Give  an  ac 
count  of  the 
deed  of  Deca- 
tur. 


WAR   WITH    THE    BARBARY    PIRATES. 

8.  In  the  northern  part  of  Africa,  on  the 
shore  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  are  the  Bar 
bary  States,  as  they  are  called.     For  a  long 
time   these  were  the  home  of  pirates,  who 
used  to  capture  vessels  on  the  Mediterranean, 
and  sell  their  crews  into  slavery. 

9.  For   a   number  of   years  the    United 
States   paid  these  people  a  certain  sum  of 
money  every  year  not  to  trouble  their  ships. 
But  at  last  the  pirates  of  Tripoli  (one  of  these 
States)  became  so    insolent   that    President 
Jefferson  in  1803  sent  a  naval  force  under 
Commodore  Preble  to  punish  them. 

10.  One  of  the  American  fleet,  the  frigate 
Philadelphia,  while  chasing  a  small  craft  of 
the  enemy,  ran  upon  a  rock,  and  was  captured 
by  the  Tripolitans. 

1 1 .  This  was  a  great  prize  for  the  pirates, 
but  in  February,  1804,  Lieutenant  Decatur 
entered    the    harbor  of   Tripoli    in   a  small 
schooner  at  night,  boarded  the  Philadelphia, 


GROWTH    OF    OUR    COUNTRY. 


143 


and  burned  her.      After  this,    Commodore     what  ended 

.       .  .  the  war  ? 

Preble  several  times  bombarded  Tripoli,  and 
finally  in  1805  the  governor,  or  "bashaw,"  as 
he  was  called,  was  glad  to  make  peace. 


FULTON    AND    THE    FIRST    STEAMBOAT. 

1  2.  The  first  steamboat  in  the  world  began 
to  run  on  the  Hudson  River  in  the  year  1807. 

1  3.  The  steamboat  was  invented  by  Robert 
Fulton,  a  Pennsylvanian,  who  was  born  ten 
years  before  the  breaking  out  of  the  Revolu- 


144 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


What  can  you 
say  of  him  ? 


His  steamer 
on  the  Seine  led 
to  what  ? 


Name  of  the 
boat. 

Tell  about  its 
trial-trip. 


Was  the 

Clermont  like 
our  steamers  ? 


tion.  He  was  originally  a  painter  ;  but  went 
to  Europe,  and  got  interested  in  the  steam- 
engine.  He  made  a  little  steamer  on  the 
river  Seine  in  France  :  this  was  a  success  as 
an  experiment ;  so  he  came  to  New  York 
and  built  what  was  thought  to  be  quite  a 
large  steamboat. 

14.  The  name  of  this  boat  was  the  Cler 
mont.     It  made   its   trial-trip  to  Albany  in 
thirty-six  hours,  —  a  great  improvement  on 
the  river-sloops,  which  took  a  week  or  more. 
As  she  sailed  up  the  river,  the  people  hailed 
her  with  surprise  and  delight. 

15.  Of  course  she  was  very  different  from 
those  you  now  see  floating  on  our  rivers  and 
lakes,  or  steaming  out  of  our  great  seaports ; 
but  when  you  behold  these,  remember  that, 
giants  though  they  are,  they  have  all  come 
from  the  little  Clermont  of  Robert  Fulton. 


Had  the 
Western  In 
dians  forgotten 
the  lesson 
Wayne  taught 
them  ? 


BATTLE    OF   TIPPECANOE. 

1 6.  You  saw  that  General  Wayne  taught 
the  Indians  of  the  Northwest  a  severe  lesson. 
But  after  a  while  they  forgot  it.  Just  before 
we  got  into  the  war  of  1812  with  England, 
British  agents  went  to  the  Indians  and  stirred 


GROWTH  OF  OUR  COUNTRY.  145 


them  up  to  break  the  treaty  they  had  made     wh°  stirred 

them  up  to  hos- 

with  the  Americans.  tnity? 

17.  At  the  head  of  the  Western  Indian     Describe 
tribes  was  the  famous  chief  Tecumseh,  a  gi 
ant  in  strength,  and  noted  for  his  craft  and 
eloquence.     He  had  a  brother  named  "  The 
Prophet." 

1 8.  Tecumseh  went  off  to  rally  the  tribes,     what  did  the 

J  two  do  ? 

and  the  Prophet  collected  his  followers  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Tippecanoe  River,  in  what  was    .what  was  in- 
then  called  Indiana  Territory.     William  H.     who  was 
Harrison,  afterwards  president  of  the  United  s°vernor? 
States,  was  governor. 

19.  Harrison  wisely  concluded  not  to  wait  Hanfeondo? 
till  Tecumseh  had  marshaled  his  tribes ;  so 

he  went  to  the  Indian  army  on  the  Tippe 
canoe.  He  was  met  by  ambassadors  of  the  T  what  did  the 

J  Indian  ambas- 

red  men,  who  said  they  wanted  peace,  and  sadors  say  ? 
would  make  a  treaty  the  next  day. 

20.  That  very  night  the  savages,  with  real     Give  an  ac- 

/        &  .  count  of  the  In- 

Indian    bad    faith,    attacked    the     American  dian  attack. 

camp.  Concealed  in  the  long  prairie  grass, 
they  shot  their  deadly  rifles  into  the  Ameri 
can  camp.  But  Harrison  was  prepared  for 
them,  and  as  soon  as  it  was  dawn,  he 
charged  upon  them,  and  routed  the  Indians 


146 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


Date  of  the 
battle. 


with  great  slaughter.     And  this  was  the  battle 
of  Tippecanoe,  fought  November  7,  1811. 

FLORIDA    PURCHASED    BY    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

i  ^i°  fi-rf  ,et~       21.    Florida,  as  you  remember,  was  taken 

tied  Florida  ?  '  J 

possession  of  by  the  Spaniards  soon  after  the 
discovery  of  America.     It  did  not  become  a 

When  did  it  J 

become  part  of  part  of  the  United  States  till  1821,  when  our 
states  ?  government  bought  it  of  Spain.     Florida  was 

mittedT  ad*      admitted  into  the  Union  as  a  State  in  1845. 


We  take  a 
view  of  the 
growth  of  our 
country  how 
long  after 
Washington  ? 

Who  was  now 
president  ? 

How  many 
stars  were  there 
in  our  flasr  ? 


Population. 


What  of  the 
prosperity  ? 


TWENTY-FIVE     YEARS     AFTER     WASHINGTON  S 
DEATH. 

22.  Let  us  pause  here,  and  see  what  had 
been  the  growth  of  our  country  during  the 
quarter  of  a  century  after  the  death  of  Wash 
ington.     This  would  be  the  year  1825.    John 
Quincy  Adams  had  just  become  president. 

23.  There  were  now  twenty-four  stars  in 
our  flag,  showing  that  the  old  Thirteen  States 
had  grown  to  twenty-four. 

24.  The  four  millions  of  population  had 
increased  to  over  twelve  millions. 

25.  The  prosperity  of  our  country  was  at 
this  time  very  great.     Agriculture  and  com 
merce  were  both  very  flourishing.     The  ex- 


GROWTH  OF  OUR  COUNTRY.  147 

tensive  cultivation  of  cotton  (made  profitable     what  made 

.    ,  T       .  r        the  South  rich  ? 

since  the  invention,  by  Eh  Whitney,  of  a 
machine  called  the  cotton-gin)  had  enriched 
the  South. 

26.  The    North  was    now   beginning   to  N(^V of  the 
engage  largely  in  manufactures.    To  encour 
age  these  President  Adams  was  in  favor  of  A^msTavored 
what  is  called  a  tariff,  which  means  duties  at,a';i5>  . 

,    M  What  is  a 

or  taxes  laid  on  articles  manufactured  abroad  tariff? 

and  brought  into  this  country.     Such  a  tariff,  when  passed 

J  by  Congress  ? 

was  made  by  Congress  in  1828.     This  ena 
bled  the  Eastern  people  to  make  great  profits     Its  effect- 
out  of  their  cotton  goods,  iron,  etc.     But  the     How  did  the 

South  look  on 

people  of  the  South  were  much  opposed  to  it? 
the  tariff,  because,  not  being  a  manufactur 
ing  people,  they  naturally  wished  to  buy  as 
cheaply  as  possible. 

27.  It  was  about  this  same  time  that  great  to  Km  ft™ 
works  like  canals  and  railroads  began  to  be  this  time  ? 
built.     The  Erie  Canal,  which  unites  Lake 

Erie  with  the  Hudson  River,  was  opened 
during  Adams's  administration. 

28.  Then,  too,  the  first  railroad  was  con- 
structed  (at   President  Adams's    own    town 
of  Quincy),  —  the  beginning  of  the  vast  net 
work  of  iron  roads  now  covering  our  country. 


148  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


The  first  railroad  for  carrying  passengers 
was  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio,  begun  in  1829. 

DEATH  OF  JOHN  ADAMS  AND  THOMAS  JEFFERSON. 

What  notable       2Q.    The  fiftieth  anniversary  of  the   Dec- 
event  happened  -\  •        J 

in  1826?  laration  of  Independence,  July  4,  1826,  was 

rendered  remarkable  on  account  of  the  death 
of  John  Adams  and  Thomas  Jefferson,  the 
second  and  third  presidents.  Jefferson  was 

Ten  about  these  t]ie  authOr  of  the   Declaration ;  Adams,  its 

two  great  men. 

great  advocate  in  Congress.  The  last  words 
of  Adams  were,  "  Thomas  Jefferson  still  sur 
vives  "  ;  but  Jefferson  was  already  lying  dead 
in  his  home  at  Monticello. 


JACKSON  S    ADMINISTRATION. 

when  did          30t    On  the  4th  of  March,  1829,  General 

Jackson  become         u 

president?        Andrew  Jackson  became  president. 

what  have          31.    You  have    already  learnt   something 

Jackson?          about   General  Jackson,   and  know  that  he 

was  the  hero  of  the  battle  of  New  Orleans. 

Teii  what       He  was  a  man  of  tremendous  will,  —  of  im- 

manner  of  man 

he  was.  mense  energy  and  determination,  and  of  very 

fiery  temper ;  but  the  people  liked  him. 

What  was  the  ~,  .  T      , 

most  important       32.    1  he  most  important  matter  in  Jack- 
*       son's  time  was  what  is  called  "  nullification." 


GROWTH  OF  OUR  COUNTRY. 


149 


33-    To  understand  this,  remember  what    Ten  what  you 

remember  of  the 

was  said  about  the  Southern  people  s  oppos-  meaning  of  nui- 
ing  the  tariff.  Well,  in  1832,  Congress  in 
creased  the  duties.  South  Carolina  said  they 
should  not  be  collected  in  her  harbors.  This 
was  called  nullifying,  or  making  null  and 
void  the  laws  of  the  United  States. 

34.  Jackson  said  he  should  enforce  the  , 
law,  and  sent  General  Scott  down  to  Charles-  do  ? 
ton  to  see  about  it.  But  in  the  mean  time  the 
matter  was  settled  to  the  satisfaction  of  the 
South.  Henry  Clay  had  got  Congress  to 
pass  a  law  arranging  for  the  gradual  lessen 
ing  of  the  duties. 

WEBSTER,    CLAY,    AND    CALHOUN. 

35.  Our  three  great-    Name  the 

*  three  great  ora- 

est  orators  and  states-  tors  and  states 
men  during  the  first 
half  of  the  present  cen 
tury    were    Webster, 
Clay,  and  Calhoun. 

36.  Daniel  Webster 

was     born     in     New     Glve??J";~ 

count  of  Web- 
Hampshire,     in    1782.  ster's  early  life. 

Daniel  Webster.  His  father  was  a  hum- 


I5O  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


ble  farmer;  but  he  managed  to  send  Daniel 
to  college.     He  afterwards  studied  law,  and 
in   l812   lie  was  elected  to   Congress   from 
what  of  him   Massachusetts.     He  was  one  of  the  grandest 

as  an  orator  ? 

His  greatest    orators  that  ever  lived.    His  greatest  speeches 
what°?es  were  made  in  favor  of  the  Union  and  in  op 

position  to  the  "  State  rights  "  doctrine  of  the 
1J    South.     He  had  a  large  frame,  and  a  head 
°f  hls     as  massive  as  his  mind.     He  died  in  1852. 
Give  an  ac-          27.    Henry    Clay   was    born    in   Virginia, 

count  of  Clay's    .  i 

early  life.  but  removed  early  to  Kentucky.  The  little 
schooling  he  got  was  in 
a  log-cabin ;  but  soon 
his  genius  showed  it 
self.  He  was  elected 
TO  what  office  to  {he  Senate,  and  rose 

was  he  elected  ? 

to  have  a  commanding 

anfcdotofhin,  voice  ti^-  When  he 
proposed  the  "  compro 
mise  bill,"  his  friends 
said  it  would  lessen  his  Henry  Clay- 

chances  for  the  presidency.     "  I  would  rather 
be  right  than  be  president''  was  Clay's  noble 

what  is  said      reply.     His    manners   were   peculiarly   win- 

of  his  manners  ?        r  J  J 

ning,  and  no  statesman  was  ever  more  loved. 
He  died  the  same  year  as  Webster. 


GROWTH    OF    OUR    COUNTRY. 


38.  John  C.  Calhoun  was  born  in  South 
Carolina,    in     1782.     He   was    the   greatest 

statesman  of  the  South. 
For  forty  years  he  was 
in  public  life,  and  had 
much  influence,  espe 
cially  in  the  South.  He 
was  noted  for  the  keen 
ness  of  his  intellect  and 
the  force  of  his  logic. 
Calhoun  was  a  power- 
John  c.  caihoun.  fui  advocate  of  the  doc 
trine  of  the  right  of  a  State  to  secede  from  the 
Union.  This  has  made  his  name  disliked 
in  the  North  ;  but  Webster  said  of  him  :  "  He 
had  unspotted  integrity  and  honor  unim- 
peached  ;  nothing  groveling,  low,  or  meanly 
selfish  came  near  his  head  or  heart."  He 
died  in  1850. 

39.  These  three  great  men  were  all  can 
didates  for  the  presidency  and  were  all  un 
successful. 


When  and 
where  was  Cal 
houn  born  ? 

What  is  said 
of  him  ? 


For  what  was 
he  noted  ? 


What  doctrine 
did  he  advocate? 


What  effect 
had  this  ? 


What  did 
Webster  say  of 
him? 

Date  of  his 
death. 

What  remark 
able  fact  is 
stated  ? 


INDEPENDENCE    OF   TEXAS. 

40.    From  the  earliest  period,  what  we  now  ^  what  had 

"•  Texas  been  ? 

call  the  State  of  Texas  had  been  claimed  as  a 


152 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


What  is  said 
of  the  American 
settlers  ? 


Who  forced 
the  Mexicans  to 
give  up  ? 


What  did  our 
government 
then  do  ? 

When  did 
Texas  come 
into  the  Union  ? 


part  of  Mexico.  However,  many  Americans 
had  settled  in  that  region.  They  did  not 
like  the  way  the  Mexican  government  treated 
them,  so,  in  1835,  they  rose  up  and  declared 
Texas  an  independent  State. 

41.  War  now  broke  out.  General  Sam 
Houston  \heustun\  led  the  Americans.  He 
fought  so  skilfully  that  Santa  Anna,  the 
Mexican  commander,  had  to  give  up  in 
1836.  Then  our  government  acknowledged 
the  independence  of  Texas.  In  1845,  Texas 
was  admitted  into  the  Union. 


THE    FIRST    TELEGRAPH. 


Where  was 
the  first  tele 
graph  ? 


WTho  invent 
ed  it? 


Repeat  what 
is  said. 


42.  The    first   tele 
graph  -  ever  built  was 
stretched       between 
Washington  and   Bal 
timore,    in     the    year 
1844. 

43.  The    telegraph 
was  invented  by  Pro 
fessor  Samuel  Morse, 
a  native  of  Massachu 
setts.'    Congress  gave 


Professor  Samuel  F.  B.  Morse. 


him   thirty  thousand 


dollars  to  try  if  his  invention  would  work. 


GROWTH  OF  OUR  COUNTRY.  153 


It  was  a  perfect  success,  and  now  we  have     what  of  the 

1  ,  1-1          r,    i  i      tele§raPh  now  ? 

over  one  hundred  thousand  miles  of  telegraph. 


THE    MEXICAN    WAR. 


44.  When    Texas   was    annexed    to    the  trwhat^id 

Henry  Clay  say 

United  States,  Henry  Clay  said  that  the  an-  about  annexa- 
nexation  would  be  a  cause  of  war  with  Mexico. 
A  war  with  that  country  broke  out  in   1 846, 
which  lasted  two  years,  and  resulted  in  the 
complete  success  of  the   United  States. 

45.  We  must  now  learn  the  causes  of  the 

war.      There   were   three  principal   reasons.  war  were  there  ? 
First,  the  Mexicans,  being  very  angry  because     Tel1  the  first- 
Texas  had  joined  the  Union,  committed  many 
outrages  on  the  Texans ;   this  stirred  up  a 
very  hostile  spirit.     Secondly,  the  Southern     The  second. 
States  were  jealous  of  Mexico,  because  slave- 
holding  had  been  abolished  by  its  government, 
in  obedience  to  the  Pope  of  Rome;  and  Mexi 
co  was  likely  to  afford  an  easy  place  of  refuge 
for  fugitive  slaves.     The  third  reason  was  that     what  was  the 

o  f        third  reason  ? 

ever  since  Texas  had  separated  from  Mexico 
the  Mexican  government  had  been  disputing 
about  what  was  the  right  boundary  between 
its  territory  and  Texas.  The  Mexican  gov 
ernment  said  the  Nueces  \nway  sees~\  River 


154  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


was  the  right  boundary ;  the  United  States 
said  it  was  the  Rio  Grande  \reo  grand'y\ 
ar  Then  the   United  States   government   pro- 
propose?          posed  that  a  line  should  be  fixed  by  commis 
sioners  appointed  from  each  country.     This 
proposal  the  Mexicans  rejected.     Then  they 
what  then?    began  to  injure  and  insult  the  Texans. 
our  government      4^*    Under  these  circumstances,  our  gov- 
now  did  ernment,  in  the  spring  of  1846,  ordered  Gen 

eral  Taylor  to  advance  with  a  force  to  the 
Did  this  lead  Rio   Grande.      This    immediately  led  to  a 

to  war  ? 

conflict.     Two  actions  took  place,  and  Gen 
eral  Taylor  was  victorious  in  both. 

di^he'news*         47*  When  tne  news  of  these  battles  reached 
have  ?  the  United  States,  it  set  the  whole  country 

in  a  blaze.  Congress 
declared  war,  raised  a 
large  army,  and  put  it 
under  General  Scott. 


whatofTay-      48      jn     ^e     mean 

lor  meanwhile  ? 

time,    General    Taylor  ^g 

continued     successful,  ^ 

and  beat  the  Mexican 

general  Santa  Anna  in  General  scott. 

two  more  battles,  —  at  Monterey  (September, 

1846)  and  Buena  Vista  \_bwaynah  veestaJi\. 


GROWTH    OF    OUR    COUNTRY.  155 

40.    General    Scott   began    his   campaign    HowdidScott 

Jj  P  5      begin  his  cam- 

( March,   1847)  by  capturing  the    seaport  of  paign? 
Vera  Cruz.     He  then  commenced  his  march     what  then? 
toward  the  Mexican  capital. 

50.  The  first  opposition  met  with  was  at     where  was 

the  nrst  opposi- 

the  rocky  pass  of  Cerro  Gordo,  where  Santa  tion  met  ? 
Anna  was  intrenched.      This   position  was 
carried  by  storm,  and  the  army  continued  its  sul^tate  the  re" 
march  up  the  high  table-land  of  Mexico. 

51.  From    Puebla   the    advance   was    up    From  here  the 
the  Cordilleras  \cor-deel-y edras\.     Reaching  where  ? 
their  crest,  the   army  saw  before   it  a  mag- 

nificent  panorama  of  snow-capped  mountain-  crest 

peaks,  while  in  the  beautiful  valley  below  lay 

the  ancient  capital  of  the  Montezumas.     It 

was  the  very  scene  on  which  Cortez  and  his     wj10  h*d. 

J  gazed  on  it  m 

armored  array  of  Spaniards  had  gazed  more  olden  times  ? 
than  three  hundred  years  before. 

52.  For  the  defence  of  the  city,  the  Mexi-  MeSnShforth 
cans  had  a  number  of  fortresses  and  castles,  ^Cgil?y's  de~ 
beginning  about  fifteen  miles  beyond  its  lim 
its.     The    first  of    these    strongholds    was  fir  J?hat  of  the 
Churubusco,   which    was   taken    by  assault. 

After  this  there  remained  the  massive  citadel 

of  Chapultepec,  built  upon  a  rock,  which  rose  this  ? 

one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  from  the  plain. 


156 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


Describe  the 
attack. 


What  was  the 
effect  of  the  fall 
ofChapultepec  ? 

When  did  the 
army  enter  the 
capital  ? 

What  was  the 
result  of  the  cap 
ture  of  the  city  ? 

Date  of  the 
treaty. 

State  what 
the  Mexicans 
gave  up. 


53.  After    a    heavy    bombardment,    the 
storming  column  was  thrown  forward.    With 
a  shout  and  rush  the  Americans  made  their 
way  up  the  steep  rock,  and  leaped  the  in- 
trenchments,  sweeping  away  the  Mexicans. 

54.  Chapultepec  had  been  their  main  re 
liance,  and  when  it  was  taken  they  lost  all 
hope.     Next  day,  September  14,   1847,  the 
American  army  entered  the  city  of  Mexico. 

55.  The  capture  of  the  Mexican  capital 
ended  the  war.     In  February  of  the  next  year 
a  treaty  of  peace  was  made.     By  this  treaty 
the  Mexicans  gave  up  to  our  government  the 
whole  of  California  and  New  Mexico. 


What  did 
Fremont  hear 
and  do  ? 


Were  the 
Americans  vic 
torious  ? 


What  was  the 
result  ? 


CONQUEST    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

56.  Just  before  the  breaking  out  of  the 
Mexican  war,  Captain  John  C.  Fremont,  who 
was  in  Oregon,  heard  that  the  Mexicans  in 
California  were  giving  trouble  to  some  Ameri 
cans  who  had  settled  there  ;  so  he  went  into 
California  and  headed  the  Americans.    They 
beat  the  Mexicans  in  several  little  engage 
ments,  and  Captains  Sloat  and  Stockton  took 
some  of  the  California  seaports. 

57.  The  result  was,  that  when  the  war 


GROWTH    OF    OUR    COUNTRY.  157 

clos-ed,  in  1848,  California  was  part  of  the 
territory  which  the  Mexican  government 
gave  up  to  the  United  States. 

DISCOVERY    OF    GOLD. 

58.  Very  soon  after  California  was  given     what  great 

3  J  £>  discovery  took 

up  to  the  United  States,  a  great  discovery  place  in Caiifor- 

8  J    nia,  and  when  ? 

took  place  there.  This  was  the  finding  of 
gold  in  large  quantities. 

59.  The  gold  was  found  accidentally  on 
the  American  River  (a  branch  of  the  Sacra 
mento)  in  a  mill-race  that  was  building  for  a 
Colonel  Sutter. 

60.  When  the  men  began  to  look  farther, 
they  found  the  precious  metal  in  great  abun 
dance.     Soon  the  news   spread.     From  the 

East,  and    in   Tact   from    almost  the    whole  news  spread  ? 
world,  thousands  of  people  flocked  to  the  El 
Dorado,  as  it  was  called,  or  land  of  gold. 

6 1.  The  growth  of  California  was  perfect-     what  of  the 

growth  or  Cah- 

ly  wonderful.     Soon  San  Francisco  became  forma  ? 

a  great  city,  and  is  now  the  centre  of  all  the     what  of  San 

•  i  -T      t«  i   ^-i  •  ^   vr         •      Francisco? 

commerce  with  India  and  China.     California 

now  produces  not  only  gold  in  great  abun-     what  does 

J   ^  °  California  now 

dance,  but   large  quantities    of  wheat   and  produce  ? 
wool  and  wine. 


158 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


when  admit-      62.    California  was  admitted  into  the  Union 

ted  into  the 

Union?  as  a  State  in  1850. 


What  was 
thought  to  be 
the  West,  for 
merly  ? 


Where  is  it 
now  ? 

When  were 
Kansas  and  Ne 
braska  settled  ? 

When  admit 
ted? 


When  did  the 
Mormons  go 
West  ? 


Where  did 
they  settle  ? 


What  led  to 
the  settlement 
of  Nevada  ? 


What  settled 
Oregon  ? 


THE    NEW    FAR    WEST. 

63.  When   your  parents  were  your  age, 
the  West  used  to  be  Ohio  and  Illinois  ;  but 
every  year  people  moved  farther  and  farther 
towards  the  setting  sun,  and  now  we  have  a 
new  "  Far  West "  beyond  the  Mississippi. 

64.  It  was  about  twenty  years  ago  that 
Kansas  and   Nebraska  began  to  be  settled. 
Kansas   was    admitted    into    the    Union    in 
1 86 1,  and  Nebraska  in  1867. 

65.  In  1846  the  sect  of  people  called  the 
Mormons    removed    from    Illinois    into    the 
very  heart  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.     They 
settled  in  Utah  under  Brigham  Young,  and 
founded  the  city  of  Great  Salt  Lake.     They 
believe  in  having  many  wives. 

66.  The  discovery  of  silver  in  Nevada  led 
to  the    settlement  of  that  country,   and  in 
1864   it   came   into  the  Union    as  a  State. 
Gold  in  Colorado  has  attracted  large  numbers 
there.     The  great  rush  of  people  to  the  Pa 
cific  coast  soon  settled  Oregon,  and  in  1859 
it  came  into  the  Union  as  a  State. 


GROWTH  OF  OUR  COUNTRY. 


159 


67.  Now  the  vast  plains  be- 
\\;  yond  the  Mississippi,  which 
used  to  be  crossed  with  such  toil 
by  the  emigrants,  with  their  slow-moving  ox-trains,  are 
traversed  by  the  great  Pacific  Railroad,  and  you  go  from 
New  York  to  San  Francisco  in  seven  days  ! 


QUESTION.  —  What  can  you  say  of  the  great  plains  now  ? 


i6o 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


Tell  what  you 
see  in  the  pic 
ture  ? 


What  subject 
has  always  given 
great  trouble  ? 


When  were 
there  slaves 
North  as  well 
as  South  ? 

Were  there 
many  in  the 
North  ? 

Why  did 
slavery  flourish 
in  the  South  ? 


How  many 
negro  slaves  in 
1860  ? 

When  did 

there  begin  to 
be  a  feeling 
against  slavery  ? 

When  did 
this  show  itself? 


68.  You  will  notice  in  the  last  picture  a 
scene  beyond  the  Mississippi.     You  will  ob 
serve  the  astonished  Indians,  who  may  stand 
as  the  emblem  of  the  past,  gazing  on  the  fly 
ing  locomotive,  the  type  of  fat  present* 

THE    SLAVERY    STRUGGLE, 

69.  Almost  since  the   beginning  of  our 
government,  the  subject  of  slavery  has  given 
great  trouble  in  our  country. 

70.  In  the  old  colonial  times,  there  were 
negro  slaves  in  the  North  as  well  as  in  the 
South.     But  in  the  North  they  were  few  in 
numbers,  and  gradually  they  became  fewer. 

71.  In  the  South  slavery  flourished  greatly. 
This  was  owing  to  the  great  demand  for  ne 
groes  to  work  on  the  plantations,  cultivating 
tobacco,  cotton,  sugar,  and  rice.     By  the  year 
1860,  the  blacks  of  the  South  had  increased 
to  about  four  millions. 

72.  About  fifty  years  ago,  there  began  to 
be  quite  a  strong  feeling  against  slavery  on 
the  part  of  many  people  at  the  North.     This 
showed  itself  very  strongly  in  the  year  1820, 
when  it  was  proposed  to  admit  Missouri  as 
a  State.     The  South  wanted  it  to  be  a  slave 


GROWTH  OF  OUR  COUNTRY.  l6l 


State ;  the  antislavery  people  desired  that  it 
should  come  in  as  a  free  State. 

7  v  The  matter  was  finally  arranged  by  what     How  was the 

1  °  .        ,  matter  at  last 

is  called  the  "  Missouri  Compromise."     In  this  arranged? 
it  was  agreed  that  slavery  should  be  allowed 
in  Missouri,  but  excluded  in  the  new  territo 
ries  north  of  the  southern  line  of  Arkansas. 

74.  Thirty-four  years  after  (in  1854),  when  ,  when  was. 

J  J  n  this  compromise 

it  was  proposed  to  make  Kansas  a  territory,  done  away  with? 
those  who  favored  slavery  succeeded  in  hav 
ing  this  compromise  done  away  with.  Con- 
gress  passed  a  law  that  in  Kansas  the  people 
were  to  be  left  to  say  whether  they  would 
have  slaves  or  not. 

75.  Now  there  began  a  great  rush  into 
Kansas  of  those  who  opposed  and  those  who 
favored   slavery.     There   was   quite    a   long    JJeh?attook 
"  border  warfare  "  there,  and  this  kept  up  the 
excitement  all  over  the  country. 

76.  After  this  there  were  several  things,  such  thinVsaha°ther 
as  the  "  Fugitive  Slave  Law  "  and  the  "  John  Pened  to  make 

bad  feeling  ? 

Brown  raid,"  which  stirred  up  a  great  deal  of 
bad  feeling. 

ELECTION    OF    LINCOLN. 

77.  Such  was  the  state  of  the  country  in  st™*f™the 
the  year  1860,  when  the  time  came  to  name 


162 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


country  at  what 
time  ? 

Were  there 
several  candi 
dates  named  ? 


Who  was 
nominated  by 
the  Republi 
cans  ? 

When  was 
the  vote  ? 

Who  was 
elected  ? 

Give  what  is 
said  about  Lin 
coln. 


He  took  the 
side  of  what 
party  ? 

When  was  he 
assassinated  ? 


a  candidate  for  the  presidency  to  succeed  Mr. 
Buchanan. 

78.  There  were    several   persons   named 
by  the  different  political  parties.     The  man 
nominated  by  the  Republican  party  (which 
was    opposed    to  slavery  being  spread   any 
farther)  was  Abraham  Lincoln.     The  people 
voted  on  the  6th  of  November,   1860,  and 
when  the  votes  were  counted,  it  was  found 
that  Lincoln  was  elected  president. 

79.  Abraham  Lin 
coln    was    born    in 
Kentucky,  but  when 
he  was  a  young  man 
he  moved  with    his 
parents    to    Illinois. 
He   had  very   little 
schooling.  However, 
he  studied  law  and 
was  elected  to  Con 
gress.      When    the 

Republican  party  arose,  he  took  that  side 
very  strongly.  Lincoln  was  tall  and  gaunt 
in  person,  with  a  sad,  careworn  face.  We 
shall  afterwards  see  that  he  was  assassinated 
in  the  year  1865. 


Abraham  Lincoln. 


secessionists 


GROWTH    OF   OUR    COUNTRY.  163 


SECESSION. 

80.    At  the  time  of  Lincoln's  election,  there  ,Did  most  of 

the  people  love 

is  no  doubt  that  most  of  the  people,  North  the  Union  at 

i    o          11  i     t        T  T     •  T>          i  this  time  ? 

and  South,  loved  the  Union.     But  there  were     who  stirred 
violent  men  on   both  sides.     In  the   South 
there  were  the  Secessionists,  who  said  that  say 
when  the  people  of  the  North  voted  for  Mr. 
Lincoln   it  showed   that  they  were  bent  on 
abolishing  slavery. 

8  1  .    The  secession  leaders  soon    set   the  0  What  d.id  the 

Secessionists 

whole   South    in    a   blaze.     South    Carolina  soon  do  ? 

r.    .  Which  State 

took  the  lead,  and  in  December,  1860,  seceded,  seceded  first  ? 
that  is,  left  the  Union.    Mississippi,  Alabama,  f  what,  States 

followed  ? 

Florida,  Georgia,  Louisiana,  and  Texas  fol 
lowed  within  a  month. 

82.  In  February,  1  86  1  ,  these  States  formed  c  w,hat  was  the 

Southern  gov- 

a  government  of  their  own,  which  they  called  emment  called  ? 
the  Confederate  States.     They  elected  Jeffer-     ^ho  w*s 
son  Davis  president. 

83.  It  was  now  plain  that  the  government     whft.was  it 

now  plain  must 

must  either  allow  the  seceded  States  to  go  be  done  ? 
out,  or  fight  to  bring  them  back.     You  will 
now  see  how  out  of  these  troubles  there  grew 
a  tremendous  war. 


164  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


PART     IV. 

THE    REBELLION,    OR   WAR   OF    SECESSION. 


I.    THE  WAR    BEGINS. —  FORT    SUMPTER. 
when  Lin-          i.    ABRAHAM  LINCOLN    became  president 

coin  became 

president,  how  on  the  4th  of  March,  1 86 1.  At  this  time 
seceded'?65  seven  Southern  States  had  seceded  from  the 
c  wh?th.adthe  Union.  The  Secessionists  had  seized  the 

Secessionists 

done  ?  forts  and  arsenals  and  navy-yards  of  the  gov 

ernment  in  the  South. 
what  was  ai-       2>    At    the    time    of    President    Lincoln's 

most  the  only 

fort  the  United  inauguration,   Fort  Sumpter,  in    Charleston 

States  held  ? 

Harbor,  was  almost  the  only  fort  in  the  South 

where  the  United  States  forces  had  a  foot- 

who  defend-  hold.     It  was  defended  by  a  small  garrison 

edit?  ^T    . 

under  Major  Anderson, 
what  had  the       ?     A  larsfe  Southern  force  under  General 

Southern  force  "•  °  f 

done ?  Beauregard  \bo-regard \  had  built  batteries 

to  fire  on  the  fort. 

bombardmen?6      4'    ^he  bombardment  began  on  the  morn- 
and  the  result.    mg  of  April  12,  1 86 1.     At  the  end  of  thirty- 
six  hours,  Anderson  surrendered  the  fort. 


THE    WAR    OF    SECESSION.  165 

.=;.    The  news  of  the  bombardment  of  Fort     what  effect 

did  the  news  of 

Sumpter    caused    the    greatest    excitement  thefaiiofSump- 

throughout    the    North.     It  was  plain  that 

there  was  now  to  be  WAR,  and  Sumpter  was 

the    first   scene    in   this    dreadful    drama  of 

blood. 

6.  The  President  immediately  called   for  co)ncai]dforVn 
seventy-five  thousand  volunteers.     This  call     wasjtan- 

J  swered  ? 

was  answered  with  the  greatest  zeal.  From 
all  quarters  armed  men  hastened  forward  to 
Washington  City. 

7.  In  the    mean    time    eight  other   slave 

States,  including  Virginia,  had  seceded.    The  ™^w?hile  se" 
Confederate  government  made  Richmond  its     what  city  was 

*  made  the  capi- 

capital,  and  soon  there  was  a  large  Southern  tai? 
force  in  Virginia. 

8.  The  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Union  Un^°c™s. the 
army  was   the  veteran   General   Scott.     He  ma^Ydhe^t?did 
sent  troops  across  the  Potomac  into  Virginia.  General  Scott 
Several  skirmishes  took  place  at  this  early     Leaving  out 

skirmishes, 

period  of  the  war ;  but  there  was  no  impor-  what  was  the 
tant  battle  until  Bull  Run,  in  July,  1861.         battie"?pc 

IT.    BATTLE   OF   BULL    RUN. 

9.  When  the  people  of  the  North  saw  a 

large  force  collected  at  Washington,  they  be-  sin  to  cry ? 


1 66 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


gan  to  cry,  "  On  to  Richmond ! ' 
The  Southern  force  was  at  Bull 
Run,  twenty-five  miles  south  of 
Washington.     Beau  regard  was  in  command. 

10.    The  Union  army  moved  out  under  General  Mc 
Dowell  (General  Scott  being  too  old  to  take  the  field),  to 

QUESTIONS.  —  Where  was  the  Southern  army  posted  ?     Who  commanded  ? 
The  Union  army  went  forth  under  whom? 


THE    WAR    OF    SECESSION.  167 

attack  the  Confederates  at  Bull  Run.    There     where  was 

the  battle  ? 

was  a  fierce  fight  there  on  Sunday,  July  21, 

1 86 1.     Both  sides  fought  with  great  valor,     Tell  about  it. 

and  up  to  three  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  the 

Union  army  had  rather  the  better  of  it. 

11.  Then  fresh  troops  came  to  help  the 
Confederates,  and  they  broke  the  ranks  of  came 
the   Union  soldiers,  who  began  to  retreat. 
The  officers  could  not  stop  them.      They 
fled  across  the  stone  bridge  (see  illustration 

on  the  previous  page),  and  soon  the  rout  be-  re™taboutthc 
came  a   panic.      The  troops  could  not  be 
stopped  till  they  reached  the    fortifications 
around  Washington. 

1 2.  The  principal  effect  of  the  battle  of  Bull  JSg^  ef. 
Run  was  to  show  the  whole  country  that  a  ^of  Bull 
terrible  war  was  upon  it,  —  not  a  holiday  affair, 

as  many  had  supposed.     Both  sides  now  set  ea(^  side^o  ? 
to   work   forming   great  armies.     President 
Lincoln  called  for  half  a  million  of  troops. 
The  whole  South,  also,  rushed  to  arms. 

13.  General  George   B.   McClellan,   who  JJ^« 
had  been  successful  against  the  Confederates  commander  ? 
in  West  Virginia  a  short  time  before  Bull 

Run,  was  now  made  General-in-Chief.     He 
passed  the  winter  in  training  the  army. 


1 68  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


III.    BATTLES   AND   CAMPAIGNS   OF    1862. 
Were  there  a        IA     During  the  long  war  of  four  years 

great  many  bat-  " 

ties  during  the    which  now  followed,  there  were  so  many  bat- 
war  ? 

ties  that  you  would  not  be  able  to  remember 

the  names  of  half  of  them.     You  may  here 
after  read  the  history  of  the  war  in  larger 
ieam\bout°the  books '»  but  for  the  present  it  is  only  need- 
most  important,  fu]  for  you  to  know  the  principal  battles  and 

are  we  not  ?  .         J 

their  result* 
where  did          15.    In  1 862  the  war  opened  at  the  West. 

the  war  open  in  ^ 

1862  ?  The  first  important  event  was  the 

CAPTURE  OF  FORT  DONELSON. 

Where  was         :6.    Fort   Donelson  was  a  stronghold  of 

Donelson  ?  ° 

the  Confederates  on  the  Cumberland  River, 
why  impor-    in  Tennessee.     It  was  the  key-point  in  a  line 
of  defences  to  guard  the  Southwestern  States 
against  invasion  from  the  North. 

and^tm'oved       z  ?'    ^  Union  force,  under  Brigadier-Gen- 
against  it?         eral  U.  S.  Grant,  with  a  fleet  of  gunboats  com 
manded  by  Commodore  Foote,  moved  against 
Fort  Donelson.     It  was  besieged  by  land  and 
what  was  the  bombarded  from  the  river  till  the  Confeder- 

end  of  the  siege  ? 

ates  surrendered  (February  16,  1862). 


THE    WAR    OF    SECESSION.  169 

•18.   The  effect  of  the  capture  of  Donelson     state  the  ef- 

r  feet  of  the  cap- 

was    very    important.     It    encouraged    the  tureofDonef- 
North,  and  obliged  the   Southern   army  to 
leave  the  city  of  Nashville. 

BATTLE   OF   SHILOH. 

19.  The   next   great  battle  in   the   West     Name  the 

next  great 

was  fought  at  Shiloh,  on  the  Tennessee  Riv-  western  battle  ? 

er.     Generals  Grant  and  Buell  commanded     Who  com 
manded  ? 

on  the  Northern  side,  and  Generals  Albert 
Sidney  Johnson  and  Beauregard  on  the 
Southern. 

20.  It  was    the   Confederate   side   which  ^^^ 
made  the  attack  (April  6).     At  first  they  were  tack  ? 

very  successful,  and  drove  the   Union  force     Ten  about  it. 
down    to    the    river's    brink.       But    General 
Johnson   was    killed,   night   came  on,   fresh 
troops  for  the  Union  side  arrived,  and  next 

.  r  .  How  did  the 

morning,  after  a  brisk  fight,  the  Southerners  battle  end  ? 
retreated. 

BRAGG'S   INVASION   OF  KENTUCKY. 

21.  In  the  summer  of  1862,  a  large  South-  .  in  what  dire* 

*  tion  did  Bragg  s 

ern  army,  under  General  Bragg,  moved  north-  army  move  ? 
ward  from  Chattanooga  into  Kentucky.    The 
Union  army  had  to  fall  back  to  the  Ohio 


I7O  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


River.     After  the  Southern  troops  had  gath- 
n-  ered  a  §reat  quan%  of  supplies,  they  re- 
tucky  ?  treated.     There  was  no  battle  with  this  army 

till  December,  1862. 

BATTLE   OF  MURFREESBORO'. 

Name  the  22.    This  action  was  fought  between  an- 

next  battle  with  .  TTT  /-. 

army,    other  Union  army  of  the  West  under  General 
the  Rosecrans  and  the  Confederates  under  Bragg. 

it  a  hard   Jt    was    a    Vei7    liarcl    ^S^t,    and    lasted    three 

fisht?  days.     The  Union  army  held  the  battle-field, 

^state  the  re-    ancj  hence  ^  was  a  sort  of  victory  ;  but  both 

sides  lost  terribly. 
Repeat  what        2^    You  see,  then,  that  the  principal  bat- 

were  the  three  °  ' 

Western  battles  ties  of  the  West,  in  1  862,  were  Fort  Donel- 
son,  Shiloh,  and  Murfreesboro'. 

McCLELLAN'S   CAMPAIGN   ON  THE   PENINSULA. 


state  the  first      2^    jn  the  gast  ^g  £rst  important  event 

important  event 

of  1862  in  the     of  1  862  was  the  campaign  on  the  Yorktown 

peninsula,  in  Virginia.     General    McClellan 

McClelland      moved  his  army  from  Washington  there  by 

idea  in  going  to  water,  in  the  spring.     The  object  was  to  take 

the  peninsula  ? 

Richmond. 
*uWehereuwere        25.    The    Confederates  were  met  behind 

the  Southern  J 

troops  met?       earth  works  at  Yorktown,  where  Cornwallis 


THE    WAR    OF    SECESSION. 


had  surrendered  to  Washington.  Here  there 
was  a  siege  of  a  month,  and  then  the  South 
ern  army  fell  back  toward  Richmond. 

26.  Several  battles  took  place  in  the  vicin-     what  took 

place  here  ? 

ity  of  Richmond.     But  the  Union  army  was 
not  successful.      General  Lee  was   in  com-     State  the  re- 
mand   of  the   Southern  army.      He    forced     what  did 
General  McClellan  to  retreat  to   Harrison's  cieiian  to  do? 
Landing,  on  the  lames  River.     The  North-     where  was 

the  Northern 

ern  army  was  now  ordered  to  be  shipped  army  now 

111  IT  r      i   •  shipped  ? 

back  by  water  to  Washington. 

27.  While    this    was    ^oins;   on,    General     what  did  Lee 

.    &.  ,   °  .  TT      do  while  this 

Lee  marched  northward  with  his  army.     He  was  going  on  ? 
beat  a  Union  force  under  General   Pope  at 
Manassas,  and  then   crossed    the    Potomac 
into  Maryland. 

BATTLE   OF   ANTIETAM. 

28.  In   Maryland,  one  great   battle  took 
place    between    General    Lee    and  General 
McClellan.      This  was  the  battle  of  Antie- 

tam,   fought  September    17,    1862.      It  was     Tell  about  it. 

very  hard  fought  on  both  sides,  and  resulted 

in  great  loss  of  life.     In  consequence  of  this 

battle,  Lee  was  forced  to  recross  the  Potomac     The  result  ? 

into  Virginia. 


172  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


BATTLE   OF  FREDERICKSBURG. 

Name  the  2Q.    The  next  QTeat  battle  in  Virginia  was 

next  great  battle  t  ° 

in  Virginia.        at    Fredericksburg,    on    the    Rappahannock 
River.     It  was   fought   in    December.  1862. 

o 

The   Confederate   commander  was   General 
who  were      Lee;    the    Union   commander  was   General 

the  command 

ers?  Burriside,   who  had  been  put  in   the  place 

of  General  McClellan,  as  leader  of  the  army 

Tell  the  re-     of  the  Potomac.     The  result  was  a  terrible 

suit. 

defeat  to  the  Union  army. 


1862  in  the        battles  of  the  East  in   1862  were  the  cam- 

Tf  ocf 

paign  on  the  Peninsula,  the  battle  of  Antie- 
tam,  and  the  battle  of  Fredericksburg. 

CAPTURE   OF   NEW   ORLEANS. 

what  is  said        ->It    One  of  the  greatest  events  of  the  war 

of  the  capture  rt 

of  New  Or-       was  the  capture  of  New  Orleans.     The  Con- 

leans  ? 

what  defend-  federates  had  forts  below  New  Orleans  to 
prevent  the  Union  ships  from  going  up  and 
attacking  the  city.  Thus,  by  holding  New 
Orleans,  the  Confederates  controlled  the 
navigation  of  the  Mississippi  River. 

When  did  the  .  r 

fleet  go  there,         32.    In  the  spring  of  1  862,  a  large  fleet  of 
whom"?  ei         war-vessels,  under  Admiral  Farragut,  sailed 


THE    WAR    OF    SECESSION. 


The  Capture  of  New  Orleans. 

to  the  Mississippi  to  attack  New 

Orleans.      The    fleet    sailed    up 

stream  till  it  came  to  the  southern 

forts,  St.  Philip  and  Jackson.  These 

Farragut  bombarded  for  six  days ; 

but  he  could  not  do  them  much 

harm.     What  do  you  suppose  he  then  determined  to  do  ? 

To  run  past  the  batteries. 

33.    The   Confederates  had  stretched   a  stout   chain 

QUESTIONS.  —  What  forts  did  it  come  to  ?    Tell  what  Farragut  did.     What  did 
he  now  determine  to  do  ? 


Ji<' 

174  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


Tell  what  de-  across   the  river  to  prevent  the  passage  of 

fences  of  the  .  L  r  & 

river  the  Con-    the  ships.      They  had   also  fire-rafts  to  let 

federates  had.      ,  ITT-  i  n 

loose  among  the   Union  vessels,  and   float- 


mg  batteries  and  gunboats.     Farragut  man 
aged  to  destroy  the  chain,  and  on  the  24th 
Give  an  ac-     of  April    his  fleet   steamed    past   the   forts, 

count  of  run 

ning  the  batter-  ran  the  fiery  gantlet   of  the  rafts,  and   met 

ies  and  the  fight.  J     & 

and    destroyed    the    Confederate    squadron. 
what  was      Then  the  fleet  steamed  up  to  New  Orleans, 

the  result  ?  L 

which  was  forced  to  surrender. 


THE  MONITOR  AND  MERRIMAC. 

what  re-  «*     One  of  the    most   remarkable    naval 

markable  naval 

battle  is  spoken  actions  on  record  was  the  combat  between 

of? 

the  Monitor  and  Merrimac,  in  March,  1862. 
what  was  the       or     The    Merrimac    was    a    Confederate 

Merrimac?  .      OJ 

iron-clad   war-vessel,  which  had    been    built 

at  Norfolk.     Suddenly,  one  day,  she  steamed 

Ten  about  her  out  and  attacked  a  fleet  of  Union  war-vessels, 

raid  on  the 

Union  ships,  near  the  mouth  of  James  River.  She  ran 
against  and  sank  the  Cumberland,  and  com 
pelled  the  frigate  Congress  to  surrender. 
Next  day  she  was  to  finish  the  rest  of  the 
fleet. 

What  came  „  .  .  .  . 

on  the  scene  36.    But  during  the   night  there    arrived 

from   New  York  a  strange  new  iron  craft, 


THE    WAR    OF    SECESSION.  175 

which  had  just  been  built,  and  was  called  the 
Monitor. 
-37.    It  was  nicknamed  the  "  Yankee  cheese-  A/rTe.n  about  the 

°'  f  Monitor. 

box,"  on  account  of  its  being  a  revolving 
iron  tower  placed  on  an  iron-plated  hull,  which 
only  rose  a  few  inches  above  the  water. 

38.  In  the  morning,  the  Monitor  attacked     Give  an  ac- 

°  count  of  the 

the  Merrimac,  and,  after  a  fierce  fight,  com-  fight. 
pelled  the  terrible  Confederate  ram  to  steam, 
disabled,  into  Norfolk.  A  little  while  later 
she  was  blown  up  by  the  Confederates  for 
fear  of  being  captured  by  the  Union  force. 
This  fight  between  two  iron  ships  excited 
great  interest  all  over  the  world. 

IV.    BATTLES   AND    CAMPAIGNS   OF    1863. 
THE   EMANCIPATION   PROCLAMATION. 

39.  On  New  Year's  day  of  1863,  Presi- 

dent  Lincoln  issued  his  Emancipation  Proc-  Proclamation, 

and  when  is- 

lamation.     This  declared  all  the  slaves  within  sued? 
the  borders  of  the  Confederacy  to  be  free. 

VICKSBURG. 

40.  The  capture  of  New  Orleans  opened 
the  lower  part  of  the   Mississippi ;   but  the 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


thelhoenfedeid- 
atesstiiia 

stronghold  .  f 

who  was  the 

U  nion  com- 

mander? 
Ten  what  he 

what  did  he 

at  last  think  of 

doing? 


carried  o^t 


the  surrender. 


Was  the  Mis- 

sissippi  now 

open  ? 


Confederates  had  a  stronghold  at  Vicksburg. 
Here  their  batteries  prevented  the  Union 

.  .    x 

fleet  from  passing  either  up  or  down. 
^lm    The    task   of  taking    Vicksburg  was 

o 

given  to  General  Grant.  During  the  early 
part  of  1863,  he  tried  several  ways  of  captur 
ing  the  place  ;  but  all  failed.  Finally,  he 
thought  of  running  past  the  batteries  with 

&  .  .  . 

the  ships,  and  marching  his  army  down  be 
low  and  in  the  rear  of  Vicksburg. 

42'     This     Plan     W3>S    Carried     OUt         Grant 

succeeded  in  shutting  up  the  Confederates 
in  Vicksburg.  The  place  withstood  a  siege 

Qf  twQ  mQnths  ;    but  Oil  the  4th  of  July,    1863, 

'li  liad  to  surrender-  Port  Hudson,  the  last 
Confederate  stronghold  on  the  Mississippi, 
followed.  Then  the  great  river  ran  free  to 
the  sea. 


BATTLES   AT   CHATTANOOGA. 

A«     in  the  summer  of  1863,  General  Rose- 

u 

crans  marched  south  from  Murfreesboro', 
where  you  remember  a  great  battle  had  been 
fou§ht  in  December,  1862.  The  Confed- 
Southemarmy?  erates  fell  back  to  Chattanooga,  Tennessee, 
and  Rosecrans  followed.  Near  Chattanooga 


when  did 

Rosecrans  ad- 

vancefrom 

Murfreesboro 

hefoiiowathtid 


THE    WAR    OF    SECESSION.  177 

the  battle  of  Chickamausra  was  fought  in  Sep-     what  battle 

&  &  .  took  place  ? 

temper.     It  was  a  defeat  for  the  Union  army.     The  result? 

44.  Soon  after  this,  General  Grant  took  r,Tell^at1 

Grant  did  when 

command  of  the  army  at  Chattanooga.     In  he  took  com- 
November,  he  attacked  the  Southern  army 
at  Missionary  Ridge,  and  forced  it  to  retreat. 

OPERATIONS   AGAINST   CHARLESTON. 

45.  One  of  the  principal  strongholds  of    what  is  said 

r^  r  of  Charleston  ? 

the   Confederates   was   Charleston.      In  the 

spring  of  1863,  a  fleet  of  iron-clads,  called  thjfl"etathat 

monitors,  under  Admiral  Dupont,  went  to  at-  went  against  it. 

tack  Fort  Sumpter.     The  fleet  was  repulsed,  , 

and  the  attack  failed.  The  result- 

46.  After  this  General  Gillmore  built  bat-  cjj™^11^ 
teries,  with  great  guns,  on  the  islands  near 
Charleston    Harbor,   and    bombarded    Fort 
Sumpter  for  months.    It  was  at  last  knocked 

all  to  pieces ;  but  the  Union  army  was  not     Was  the 

Union  army 

able  to  take  the  fort  or  Charleston.     They  able  to  take 

T  i  MI  i  Sumpter  or 

did  not  surrender  till  near  the  end  of  the  war.  Charleston  ? 

CHANCELLORSVILLE. 

47.  You   remember   that  the   last   battle 
fought    in     Virginia    was     Fredericksburg. 
After  that  General   Burnside  was  followed 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


who  followed  by  General  Hooker  in  command  of  the  army 

Burnside  in  J  J 

command  of  the  OI    the   Potomac. 

Virginia  army  ?  r>       T        n  T  r>  TTI 

Give  an  ac-         48.    In   May,    1863,   Hooker   crossed  the 

count  of  the  bat-   TV  i  •,         -,i     i  •  TM       /—        r    i 

tie  of  chancel-    Kappahannock  with  his  army.      I  he  Confed 
erates,  under  Lee,  met  him  at  Chancellors- 
ville,  about  ten  miles  from   Fredericksburg. 
Here  a  desperate  battle  took   place.     The 
Teii  the  re-     result  was  that  the  Union  army  was  defeated 

suit.  m  J 

with  great  slaughter,  and  had  to  recross  the 
Rappahannock  in  very  bad  spirits. 

GETTYSBURG. 

what  was  the      ^    jhe  ^reatest  battle  of  the  whole  war 

greatest  battle 

of  the  war  ?       Was  fought  at  Gettysburg,  in  Pennsylvania. 
bea\enLtehehad        5°-    General  Lee  had  beaten  the    Union 
u,ni°V,r,my'      army  in  Virginia  several  times  ;  so  he  thought 

what  did  he  now  J  .  ' 

propose?          he  would  carry  the  war  into  the  North.     He 
Teilvyherehe  marched  his  army  to  the  Potomac,  which  he 

marched.  t  J 

crossed  into  Maryland.     He  then  advanced 
northward  into  Pennsylvania,  and  it  is  sup 
posed  that  he  meant  to  go  to  Philadelphia. 
GeYerdMeade       51'    General  Meade,  who  had  lately  been 
do?  made  commander  of  the  army  of  the  Poto 

mac,  hurried  forward  to  meet  Lee.     The  two 
where  did     armies  met  at  Gettysburg,  in  Western  Penn- 

the  two  armies          . 

meet  ?  sylvama. 


THE    WAR    OF    SECESSION. 


179 


Gettysburg. 

52.    The  battle  began  on  the  ist 
of  July  with  a  partial  Southern  suc 
cess.     On  the  second  day,  the  Con 
federates  again  attacked,  but  could 
not  move  the  Union  army. 

53.  The  third  day  General  Lee  again  made  a  fierce 
onset.  There  were  nine  hours  of  desperate  fight 
ing,  and  then  the  Southern  army  was  driven  from  the 


QUESTIONS.  —  Tell  what  took  place  the  first  day.     The  second  day.     Give  an 
account  of  the  third  day's  battle. 


l8o  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


field.     The   Confederate   loss  in  killed   and 

>s 
of  the  South. 


Tell  the  loss   WOunded  and  prisoners  was  over  thirty  thou- 


•  sand ! 

where  did          54>    After  the  battle  of  Gettysburg,  Gen- 
Lee  now  re-  J 

treat?  eral    Lee   retreated  into  Virginia,  and   took 

position  south  of  the  Rapidan  River.     The 

The  Union      Union  army  followed  up  to  the  north  side  ; 

army  did  what  ?  J 

but  nothing  of  importance  took  place  there 
during  the  rest  of  the  year. 


V.    BATTLES   AND   CAMPAIGNS   OF    1864. 
GRANT'S   CAMPAIGN   IN   THE  EAST. 

what  were          ct     The   spring  of   1864   saw  two   great 

the  two  Union  J  °  i    /? 

armies  in  1864?  Union  armies  in  the  field.     General  Grant 

mandedthem?   had  been  put  in  command  of  all  the  United 

States  forces.     He    left  the   Western  army 

under  the  care  of  General  Sherman,  while 

he  himself  took  command  of  the  Army  of 

the   Potomac,  in  Virginia. 

when  did  c6.    In  the  month  of  May,  General  Grant 

Grant  begin  his  .  J 

movement  ?       crossed  the  Rapidan,  and  attacked  the  Con- 
did.6  federates  under  General  Lee  in  the  Wilder 
ness.     The  battle  was  not  decisive  for  either 
side.      However,    Grant   advanced    and   en 
gaged   Lee  again,  and  so  kept  fighting  all 


THE    WAR    OF    SECESSION.  l8l 


the  way  down  to  the  Tames  River.     The  loss     He  fought  tin 

j       J  J  .he  reached  what 

to  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  in  this  battle-  river? 

i  rri  Tel1  the 

march  of  a  month  was  over  fifty  thousand  men.  union  loss. 


57.  When  General  Grant  got  down  to  the 

James   River,  he  proceeded  to  lay  siege  to  Iay  siese  to  ? 
Petersburg    and    Richmond.       This    lasted 
during  the  whole  winter  of  1864-65.     Sev 
eral  important  actions  took  place  ;  but  there 
was  nothing  decisive  till  the  spring  of  1865. 

SHERIDAN   IN   THE   VALLEY. 

58.  In  the  summer  of  1864,  General  Lee 

sent  a  force  under  General  Early  to  attack  General  Early 

.     .      ,  to  attack  Wash- 

Washington.      They    assaulted    the    works  ington  city. 

around   the    national   capital,   but  were    re 

pulsed.     Early  then  retired  to  the  Shenan-  Ea^yh^irdeidto  ? 

doah  Valley. 

59.  General  Grant  now  sent  an  army  un-  Grlmit^nd"* 
der  General  Sheridan  against  Early.     Sheri-  against  him? 
dan  won  a  brilliant  victory  at  Winchester,  in 
September,  and  the  next  month  gained  an- 

other  battle  at  Cedar  Creek. 

SHERMAN'S   MARCH   TO  THE   SEA. 

60.  We  must  now  turn  to  the  West.     At 
the  same  time  that  Grant  advanced  against 


1 82  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


what  gen-      Lee  (May,  1864),  Sherman  attacked  the  Con- 

eral  in  the  West  J  r/ 

moved  the  same  federates  under  General   I.E.   Johnston,  in 

time  that  Grant    _ 

did?  Georgia. 


6  1.    As  Sherman  advanced,  he  fought  the 
°PPosed  to  him,  and  compelled  it  to 
to  what  city?     fall  back.     In  this  way  he  won  his  way  to 
Atlanta,  a  very  important  point. 

62.    The     Confederate    government    now 
put   General    Hood   in   place    of  Johnston. 
Hood  resolve  to  Hood  determined  to  invade  Tennessee,  thank- 
see*?  '  ing  this  would  force  Sherman  to  retreat. 

shemaVdo?  63'  But  in  Place  of  tllis'  Sherman  gave 
Thomas  one  half  the  army,  to  look  after 
Tennessee,  while  with  the  rest  he  pushed 
through  Georgia,  burning  and  destroying,  till 
he  reached  the  sea-coast,  and  captured  Sa- 
what  had  vannah.  In  the  mean  time  Thomas  had  met 

Thomas  done 

meantime?        Hood's  army  at  Nashville,  and  destroyed  it. 

FARRAGUT  AT  MOBILE. 

what  place        64.    in  Tuly   1864,  a  powerful  fleet,  under 

was  attacked  by  ^  .  J      J  m 

a  fleet  under      Admiral  Farragut,  was  sent  against  Mobile, 
the  harbor  of  which  was  defended  by  two 
v  v   strong  forts. 

•  65.    Farragut  lashed  his  vessels  together 
in  pairs,  stationed  himself  in  the  main-top 


THE    WAR    OF    SECESSION.  183 

of  his  flag-ship,  and  thus  ran  the  fire  of  the     Give  an  ao 

•  111  r  •  TT      count  of  what 

forts,   with   the   loss  of    but  one  ship.     He  was  done. 
engaged  and  captured  the  Confederate  iron 
clad  Tennessee,  and  afterwards,  with  the  as 
sistance  of  a  land  force,  took  the  forts. 

THE  ALABAMA  AND  THE  KEARSARGE. 

66.  During:  this  year  immense  loss  was     From  what 

0  .did  Northern 

caused   to    Northern    commerce   by   certain  commerce  suf 

fer  ? 
Confederate  cruisers  built  in  England.    From 

the  beginning  of  the  war,  Southern  privateers 
had  been  so  active  that  now  hardly  a  North 
ern  merchant-ship  could  sail  the  seas. 

67.  The  most  destructive  of  these  vessels     which  was 

i  iii/-'  .the  most  de- 

was  the  Alabama,  commanded  by  Captain  structive  ship  ? 
Semmes.     She  had  captured  or  burned  over 
sixty  ships;  but  in  June,  1864,  her  career  of 
destruction   was   brought  to  a  close.     The 
United   States    war-vessel   Kearsarge  \_keer- 


sarj~\,  commanded  by  Captain  Winslow,  at-  fight  with  the 
tacked  the  Alabama  off  the  coast  of  France, 
and  after  a  brilliant  fight  of  an  hour  sent  her 
to  the  bottom. 

68.    Now  you  must  try  to  understand  what  y0u  ^atouf 
is  meant  by  the  "  Alabama  Claims,"  of  which  the  "Alabama 

*  Claims. 

you  will  read  a  great  deal.    You  must  remem- 


184  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 

ber  that  the  Alabama  was  built  in  England. 
The  United  States  government  knew  that 
she  was  really  being  built  for  the  Confeder 
ates,  and  asked  the  British  authorities  to  pre 
vent  her  from  going  to  sea.  But,  notwith 
standing  this,  the  Alabama  was  allowed  to 
sail  out  and  destroy  Northern  ships.  Hence 
the  United  States  said  England  was  to  blame, 
and  should  pay  damages. 

VI.    THE   FINAL   CAMPAIGN. 
THE  SITUATION  IN  THE  SPRING  OF  1865. 

what  was          69.    In  the  spring  of  1865,  it  was  clear  that 

plain  in  the  i 

spring  of  1865  ?  the  end  of  the  Confederacy  was  nigh.     Sher- 

Why  was  it  t       ,  .  i     ,1        r-        ,1  ,   TI 

clear  that  the     man  had  gone  through  the  Southwest  like  a 

war  was  near  ;  n  whjrlwjnd  Qf  destruction.      The  United  States 

war-vessels  stood  sentinel  at  every  Southern 
seaport  to  prevent  supplies  from  going  in,  and 
the  resources  of  the  South  were  nearly  ex 
hausted. 

SHERMAN'S  OPERATIONS. 

70.  The   final  campaign   was    begun    by 
Ten  about      Sherman.     From  Savannah  his  army  began 

Sherman's  '         ° 

march  north-     its  advance  northward  (February  i,  i86s)  to 

ward  from  Sa-  .       __. v      .     .  °' 

vannah.  join  Grants  army  in  Virginia. 

71.  The    Confederates    had   nothing   to 


THE    WAR    OF    SECESSION.  185 

oppose  to  the  advance  of  Sherman  except  a 
feeble   remnant  of  an  army  under  General 
Joseph   E.  Johnston.      They  made    several  g^JJi^*)-^ 
stands,  but  could  not  keep  .back  the  Union  keep  back  sher- 
army,    which    marched    northward    through 
South    Carolina   and    into    North    Carolina. 
Sherman  advanced  to  Goldsboro',  and  John-  Sh^jJ^?d 
ston  retired  with  his  force  to  Raleigh.     Just  vance? 

~  .  .,,...          In  what  other 

at  this  time  Grant  was  beginning  in  Virginia  place  were  great 

r  , .  ,  .    ,  ,     ,    , ,  events  happen- 

the  series  of  operations  which  ended  the  war.  ing  ? 

GRANT'S  OPERATIONS. 

72.  In  the  spring  of  1865,  General  Lee  Le^s^e? 
was  still  holding  Richmond  and  Petersburg, 

with  an  army  much    reduced    in    strength. 

General  Grant  began  his  operations  by  send-  Gr^n°twb^n  his 

ing  a  force  to  attack  a  part  of  the  Confeder-  operations? 

ate  defences  of  Petersburg,  at  Five  Forks. 

Here  a  battle  was  fought,  April  i,  in  which 

the  Confederates  were  defeated. 

73.  Next   day,  a   successful    assault   was     what  took 

'  °  •>  place  next  day  ? 

made  along  the  whole  line  of  works  in  front 
of  Petersburg.     The  result  was  that  Lee,  see-  gulsttate  the  re- 
ing  that  he  could  hold  Petersburg  and  Rich 
mond  no  longer,  abandoned  those  places,  and 
began  a  retreat  westward. 


1 86  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


Ten  about  the      74.    Immediately  a  hot  pursuit  was  corn- 
pursuit.  J 

menced.     For  a  week  the  fearful  race  lasted. 

Several  partial  fights  were  made,  and  at  last 
the  Union  van  junder  Sheridan  succeeded  in 
planting  itself  squarely  in  front  of  the  south 
ern  army.  General  Lee  could  now  do  noth- 
wh^-e^as'the  'm& '  so  ^e  surrendered  his  army  to  Grant  at 

surrender?  AppOlTiattOX  Court   HoUSC,  April  9,    1865. 

Teii  what  took      yc     In  the  mean  time,  Sherman  had  en- 

place  between  '  **  ; 

Sherman  and     gaged  Johnston  at  Raleigh,  which  city  he 

Johnston.  J  *  ,  . 

entered  April  13.  At  this  time  General 
Johnston  heard  of  Lee's  surrender.  As  he 
knew  that  resistance  was  now  hopeless,  he 
surrendered  to  General  Sherman,  April  26. 
when  was  the  By  the  end  of  May,  all  the  Southern  forces 

civil  war  at  an          J  >  ' 

end  ?  had  laid  down  their  arms,  and  the  CIVIL  WAR 

was  at  an  end. 

ASSASSINATION  OF  LINCOLN. 

76.   The  tidings  of  Lee's  surrender  caused 

great  joy  throughout  the  North.     But  in  the 

what  terrible  midst  of  the  rejoicinofs  a  terrible  event  hap- 

event  happened  ...  . 

at  this  time  ?      peiied.     President  Lincoln  was  assassinated 
in  the   theatre    at    Washington.     The  man 

count:  of  'the^as  w^°  ^^  ^e  ^eec^  was  a  desperate  and  proba- 
sassination.       bly  insane  person,  named  John  Wilkes  Booth. 


THE    WAR    OF    SECESSION.  187 

Mr.  Lincoln  died  the  next  morning.      Booth 
fled,  but  was  overtaken  and  shot  by  one  of 

his  pursuers. 

PEACE. 

77.  At  the  end  of  May,  a  two  days'  re- 
view  of  the  armies  of  Sherman  and  Grant 
took  place  at  Washington.     The  disbanding 
of  the  troops  now  began,  and  a  million  of 
soldiers  retired  from  the  camp  and  bivouac 
to  the  pursuits  of  peaceful  life. 

VII.    FACTS   AND    REFLECTIONS. 

78.  You  have  now  learned  the  principal     why  was  this 

'  -  .       .,  •  1  TT        •  1      WEr   a   la 

facts  of  the  great  civil  war  in  the  United  bie  war? 
States.  It  was  one  of  the  most  lamentable 
contests  in  the  history  of  the  world,  because 
it  arrayed  in  strife  the  two  sections  of  a  peo 
ple  which  had  previously  been  the  most  hap 
py  and  prosperous  on  earth. 

79.  When    the    scholar    grows   up,   and 
comes  to  study  the  history  of  our  country 
more  fully,  he  will  learn  that  the  seeds  of  this 
war  were  sown  long  before  the   men  who 
waged  the  war  were  born.    This  should  make 

us  charitable  in  judging  the  conduct  of  the  in  judging  about 

the  war  ? 

Southern  people. 


I  88 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


what  is  said 

of  slavery  ? 


what  other 

good  effect  has 

the  war  had? 


HOW  much 

did  the  war  cost 

the  North  ? 


what  of  the 

South  ? 


Ten  about  the 

loss  of  life. 


HOW  many 

were  killed  or 

wounded  on 

both  sides  ? 


worth  what  h 
cost? 


go.    The  principal  cause  of  the  war  was 

x 

slavery.  The  greatest  result  of  the  \var  was 
the  abolition  of  slavery.  This  has  proved  a 
benefit  to  the  people  of  the  South. 

81.  Another  o-ood  effect  of  the  war  is,  that 
it  has  brought  the  people  of  the  North  and 
the  South  to  understand  each  other  better 
and  respect  each  other  more  than  they  ever 
did. 

82.  The   war    was    very  costly,  both    in 
treasure    and   in   blood.      At   its   close   the 
North  had  a  debt  of  nearly  three  billions  of 
dollars.     The   finances  of  the    South  were 
utterly  ruined. 

83.  On  the  Union  side,  it  is  estimated  that 

,,,11 

three  hundred  thousand  men  were  either 
killed  in  battle  or  died  from  disease.  Four 
hundred  thousand  more  wrere  crippled  or 
disabled  for  life.  It  would  be  a  low  estimate 
to  say  that  on  both  sides  over  ONE  MILLION 
OF  MEN  were  either  killed  or  received  wounds 
during  the  war  ! 

^4'  ^u^  we  mus^  remember,  that,  above 
all,  the  war  saved  the  UNION,  which  is  far 
beyond  the  price  of  money  or  of  lives  ! 


V  *oAfc?r#fo* 

^•^4^ 

<?       ,v^/.*oSrf 


ml       »>    Zf-Sr        V  f     /°    ; 

I  Wf-4±JLlJt 


A    REVIEW    LESSON. 


VIII.    A    REVIEW   LESSON. 


1.  Tell  when  the  War  of  Secession  be 
gan,  how  long  it  lasted,  and  when  it  closed. 

It  began  with  the  firing  on  Fort 
Sumpter,  in  April,  1861,  lasted  four 
years,  and  ended\t\\h.  the  surrender  of 
Lee  at  Appomattox  Court  House, 
April,  1865. 

2.  What  was  the  first  important  battle  ? 

The  battle  of  Bull  Run  in  Vir 
ginia.  It  was  a  defeat  to  the  Union 
army. 

3.  What  were  the  most  important  opera 
tions  in  the  West  in  1862? 

General  Grant  captured  Fort  Don- 
elson,  —  a  Union  success  ;  fought  the 
battle  of  Shiloh,  which  was  not  deci 
sive.  General  Rosecrans  fought  the 
battle  of  Murfreesboro',  —  a  Union 
success. 

4.  Name  the  most  important  na'val  oper 
ation  of  1862. 

The  opening  of  the  lower  Missis-  | 
sippi  and  the  capture  of  New  Or 
leans  by  Admiral  Farragut. 

5.  What  were  the  most  important  opera 
tions  in  the  East  in  1862  ? 

McClellan's  campaign  on  the  Pen 
insula,  against  Richmond,  which  was 


not  successful ;  Lee's  victories  over 
Pope  and  invasion  of  Maryland,  ter 
minated  by  the  battle  of  Antietam, 
which  forced  Lee  to  retreat  into  Vir 
ginia.  The  battle  of  Fredericks- 
burg  was  fought  in  the  last  month 
of  1862,  and  was  a  Confederate  vic 
tory. 

6.  What  was  the  greatest  military  suc 
cess  in  the  West  in  1863  ? 

The  surrender  of  Vicksburg  to 
General  Grant  on  the  4th  of  July. 
This,  with  the  capture  of  Port  Hudson 
(which  followed),  resulted  in  opening 
the  whole  of  the  Mississippi  River, 
and  cutting  the  Confederacy  in  two. 

7.  What  was  the  greatest  Union  triumph 
in  the  East  in  1863  ? 

The  battle  of  Gettysburg,  fought 
July  i,  2,  and  3. 

8.  Why  was  this  battle  so  important? 

Because  the  Confederates  had  in 
vaded  the  North  in  strong  force,  hav 
ing  previouslybeaten  the  Union  army 
at  Chancellorsville,  and,  if  Lee  had 
been  successful  at  Gettysburg,  he 
could  have  captured  Philadelphia  and 
Washington. 


- 


192 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


9.  Give  an  accotmt  of  the  operations  in 
Virginia  in  1864. 

In  May,  General  Grant  crossed  the 
Rapidan  River  and  attacked  the  Con 
federates  under  Lee,  The  result  was 
the  battle  of  the  Wilderness,  which 
was  not  decisive.  Grant  then,  by 
a  series  of  "  flanking  "  movements, 
forced  his  way  down  to  the  James 
River.  In  the  course  of  this  march 
several  great  battles  were  fought,  as 
Spottsylvania,  North  Anna,  and 
Cold  Harbor.  These  were  attended 
with  great  loss  of  life  to  the  Union 
army.  Grant  then  crossed  the  James 
River  and  laid  siege  to  Petersburg 
and  Richmond. 

10.  Give  an  account  of  Sheridan 's  cam 
paign  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley. 

In  September,  1864,  Sheridan 
fought  the  Confederates  under  Early 
at  Winchester,  —  a  Union  victory. 
A  month  later,  Early  attacked  the 
Union  army  at  Cedar  Creek;  at  first 
he  was  successful ;  but  in  the  after 
noon  Sheridan  routed  Early,  and  af 
terwards  destroyed  that  force. 

1 1.  Give  an  tfraw;//  of  the  operations  in 
the  West  in  1864. 

General  Sherman  advanced  from 


Chattanooga,  and  fought  General 
Johnston  in  several  great  battles. 
He  forced  the  Confederates  to  re 
treat,  and  captured  Atlanta.  The 
Confederate  army  under  Hood  then 
moved  north  into  Tennessee ;  but 
General  Thomas  won  a  great  victory 
over  him  at  Nashville.  In  the  mean 
|  time  Sherman  had  marched  through 
I  Georgia  to  the  sea,  at  Savannah. 

12.  Give  an  accoiint  of  the  campaign 
that  ended  the  war. 

In  February,  1865,  General  Sher 
man  began  to  march  northward  from 
Savannah.  Charleston  and  Colum 
bia  fell.  Sherman  advanced  through 
South  Carolina  and  North  Carolina, 
and  defeated  the  small  Confederate 
army  in  several  actions.  He  reached 
Raleigh  at  the  end  of  March.  In  the 
mean  time,  Grant,  in  April,  made  an 
attack  on  the  lines  of  Petersburg  and 
Richmond.  Lee  evacuated  these 
places,  and  retreated  westward.  The 
Union  army  pursued  the  Confeder 
ates,  and  Lee  surrendered  at  Appo- 
mattox  Court  House,  April  9,  1865. 
Johnston  surrendered  to  Sherman, 
April  26. 

<=r 


JOHNSON  S    ADMINISTRATION. 


193 


PART    V. 

ADMINISTRATIONS    SINCE   THE   WAR. 


I.    JOHNSON'S   ADMINISTRATION. 


RECONSTRUCTION. 

i.  THE  Constitution 
says  that  when  a  pres 
ident  dies  in  office, 
the  vice-president  shall 
take  his  place.  At  the 
time  of  Lincoln's  as 
sassination,  Andrew 
Johnson  was  Vice- 
President,  and  a  few 
hours  after  the  Presi 
dent's  death,  April  15,  1865,  Johnson  took 
the  oath  of  office. 

2.  President  Lincoln  lived  to  see  the  war 
ended,  but  not  the  Union  restored.  The 
great  task  before  our  government  was  now 
to  arrange  for  bringing  back  the  Southern 
States  to  their  place  in  the  Union.  This 
was  called  Reconstruction. 


What  does 
the  Constitution 
say  about  a 
president  dying 
in  office  ? 


Andrew  Johnson. 


Who  now  be 
came  president  ? 


What  was  the 
great  task  the 
government 
now  had  to  do  ? 


194  PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


3.    President     Johnson     immediately    set 

State  what  the  about    doing    this  WOrk.       He  told  the  South- 
President  told  £> 

the  South.  ern  States  that  they  must,  i,  blot  out  their 
decrees  of  secession ;  2,  declare  void  the 
Confederate  debt ;  and,  3,  adopt  an  amend 
ment  to  the  Constitution  (called  the  Thir 
teenth  Amendment),  doing  away  with  slavery 
forever. 

4-  In  the  course  of  the  year  1865,  the 
Southern  States  did  all  these  things.  Slavery 
was  blotted  out.  And  now  the  South  was 
ready  to  send  representatives  to  Congress, 
and  become  once  more  a  part  of  the  United 
States, 
what  difficui-  r  But  here  a  difficulty  arose.  President 

ty  arose  ?  J  .  *  . 

Johnson  had  acted  without  consulting  Con 
gress,  which  was  not  in  session  at  the  time ; 
and  when  Congress  did  meet  in  December, 
1865,  there  was  great  dissatisfaction  with 
what  he  had  done. 
what  was  6.  Congress  was  not  willing  that  the  South 

Congress  op-  .  <J 

posed  to  ?         should  come  back  on  the  President's  terms, 
what  did       They  wanted  a  Fourteenth  Amendment  to  the 

Congress  want  r  J 

Constitution,  which  should  give  to  the  freed 
negroes  certain  rights  and  privileges.  John 
son  was  opposed  to  this,  and  the  Southern 


JOHNSON'S  ADMINISTRATION.  195 


States  would  not  adopt  the  Fourteenth  Amend-     what  °f 

Johnson  and 

ment  ;  so  they  were  kept  out,  and  Congress  the  South  ? 
appointed  military  governors  to  rule  them. 

7.    Between  President  and  Congress  there    J^w6611 

°  whom  was  there 

was  now  a  bitter  struggle,  which  lasted  two  now  a  great 

,.  r   ^  struggle? 

or  three  years.     The  policy  of  Congress  at 

last  was  carried  out.     The  South  did  what     whicl?  r>olicy 

was  carried  out  ? 

was  required,  and  in   1868  and    1869  came 
back  into  the  Union. 


IMPEACHMENT   OF  THE   PRESIDENT. 

8.  The  quarrel  between  Congress  and  the    u^rhef  , 
President  led  to  Johnson's  impeachment  in 
1868.     The    impeachment    of    a    president 
means  accusing  him  of  breaking  the  law,  and 
trying  him  before  the  Senate.     If  he  is  found 
guilty,  he  is  turned  out  of  office. 

9.  Congress  said  that  Johnson  had  broken 

the  law  by  attempting  to  remove  Secretary  be  impeached 
Stanton  from  office.     After  a  long  trial,  the 
President  was  acquitted,  only  one  vote  more  sujjtate  the  re 
being  needed  to  find  him  guilty. 

THE  FRENCH   IN   MEXICO. 

10.  The  relations  of  the    United    States 
with    France,   with    regard  to   Mexico,  was 


196 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


whatques- 

tion  about 

France  arose? 

TellwhatNa- 

poieonhad 


coStVofawhaaCt" 
statesndfdd 


Alaska. 


mentioned? 


another  important  question  in  Johnson's  ad- 

.     .  .  .  *  J 

ministration.     During  our  war.  Napoleon  III. 

i   •    i        i     r  i       1          TV  /r       - 

sent  an  army,  which  defeated  the  Mexican 
Republicans,  in  1863,  and  the  Archduke 
Maximilian  was  made  Emperor  of  Mexico. 

IT-  The  United  States  had  to  allow  this 
during  our  war,  but  at  its  close  they  de 
manded  of  Napoleon  that  the  French  troops 
should  leave  Mexico.  Napoleon  found  it 
best  to  do  this.  The  Mexicans  then  rose 
against  Maximilian  and  his  soldiers  and  con 
quered  them.  The  end  was  that  Maximil 
ian  was  shot  in  June,  1867. 

PURCHASE   OF   ALASKA. 


n     March>     l867> 

with  the  Russian  government,  the  United 
States  bought  the  Territory  of  Alaska.  It 
is  valuable  for  its  fur  and  fish  ;  the  price 
paid  for  it  was  $  7,200,000,  in  gold. 

THE   ATLANTIC   CABLE. 


T3-  In  the  year  l866'  science  had  one  of 
its  grandest  triumphs  in  the  completion  of 
the  Atlantic  Cable.  It  was  laid  by  the  steam 
er  Great  Eastern,  and  stretches  under  the 


GRANTS    ADMINISTRATION. 


197 


sea' from  Valencia  Bay,  in  Ireland,  to  Heart's     Tell  about  the 

.  1         i          T  •  cable  and  where 

Content,  in  Newfoundland,  a  distance  of  eigh-  it  runs, 
teen  hundred  miles.     By  means  of  this  sub 
marine  telegraph,  the  Old  and  the  New  World 
are  brought  into  instant  communication. 


II.    GRANT'S    ADMINISTRATION. 

I.  When  the  time 
came  to  choose  a  pres 
ident  to  take  the  place 
of  Johnson,  the  Re 
publicans  named  as 
their  candidate,  Gen 
eral  U.  S.  Grant,  and 
the  Democrats  put 
up  Horatio  Seymour. 
Grant  was  elected,  and 
on  March  4,  1869,  became  president. 

2.  As  General  Grant  agreed  with  the  Re 
publican  party,  the  dispute  between  Congress 
and  the  President  was  at  an  end.     Hence 
both  North  and ,  South  looked  forward  to  a 
better  state  of  things. 

3.  One  of  the  most  important  things  dur 
ing  Grant's  administration  was  the  adoption 
of  the  Fifteenth  Amendment  to  the  Consti- 


Name  the 
candidates  for 
President  in 
1869. 


Ulysses  S.  Grant. 


Who  was 
elected  ? 


Was  there 
any  more  quar 
reling  between 
Congress  and 
the  President  ? 


What  was  one 
important  thing 
in  Grant's  ad 
ministration  ? 


PRIMARY    HISTORY. 


tution  (March    10,  1870).     By  this  the  ne- 

.  . 

sToes  were  made  citizens  and  voters. 

4.  Our  country  now  entered  upon  a  period 

' 


at  the  South? 


and  West? 


what  did 

the  Fifteenth 

Amendment 

do  ? 

what  is  said 

of  the  better  c  .,  -,  •    *  ,•  •• 

state  of  things    ol  prosperity,  which  continues  to  the  present 
t-ma     jjie  5outj1  nas  keen  recovering  from 

the  wounds  of  the  war.  The  great  Southern 
products,  tobacco,  cotton,  and  sugar,  increase 
with  each  succeeding  year.  At  the  North 
commerce  and  manufactures  flourish  greatly, 
while  in  the  West  vast  new  fields  are  opened 
up  to  American  enterprise. 


\\henvyiiithe 

Republic  be  a 

century  old? 


Repeat  what 
is  said  of  the 
growth  in 
States. 

In  popula 
tion. 

In  area. 


-    c.  .  The  time  is  near  at   hand  when  we 

J 

shall  celebrate  the  one-hundredth  anniver 
sary  of  the  birthday  of  the  United  States. 
On  the  4th  of  July,  1876,  the  Republic  will 
have  seen  a  CENTURY  of  growth. 

6-   And  what  a  growth  it  has  been  !     The 
thirteen  stars  in  our  flag  have  increased  to 

e 

thirty-seven.  The  three  millions  of  popula- 
tion  have  swelled  to  forty  millions.  The  area 
of  settlement,  widening  beyond  the  narrow 
limits  of  the  Atlantic  sea-board,  has  stretched 
out  until  it  covers  the  continent  from  ocean 
to  ocean. 


GRANT  S    ADMINISTRATION. 


I99 


7.  To  the  future  progress  of  our  country 
there  seems  to  be   no  limit.     Our  vast  re 
sources  give  to  every  one  a  fair  chance  of 
success  in  life.     Under  the  Constitution  we 
have  the  best  government  in  the  world.    Our 
free  public  schools  afford  to  every  child  a 
good  education,  which  is  in  itself  a  fortune. 
Though  we  must  not  think  that  we  have  no 
faults  as  a  nation,  it  may  fairly  be  claimed 
that  no  people  are  more  upright,  prosperous, 
and  happy  than  the  Americans. 

8.  The  grand  lesson  taught  by  the  his 
tory  of  the   United  States  is  patriotism, — 
that  is,  the  love  of  our  country. 


What  is  said 
of  the  future  ? 

Of  our  re 
sources  ? 

Our  govern 
ment  ? 

Education  ? 


WThat  may 
we  fairly  say 
about  the  Amer 
icans  ? 


What  is  the 
grand  lesson  of 
our  history  ? 


Read  the  ex 
tract  from  Wal 
ter  Scott. 


14  DAY  USE 

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i-eful  iuforuiation. 

,      IVISON,    BLAKEMAN,   TAYLOR,    &   CO., 

\j 

fa          138  &  140  Grand  St.,  NEW  YORK. 

m  West  Randolph  St,  CHICAGO.    X/L 


